Concept of Education in Islam and Its Objectives Essay

The Arabic language has three terms for education, representing the various dimensions of the educational process as perceived by Islam. The most widely used word for education in a formal sense is ta’lÄ «m, from the root ‘alima (to know, to be aware, to perceive, to learn), which is used to denote knowledge being sought or imparted through instruction and teaching. Tarbiyah, from the root raba (to increase, to grow, to rear), implies a state of spiritual and ethical nurturing in accordance with the will of God. Ta’dÄ «b, from the root aduba (to be cultured, refined, well-mannered), suggests a person’s development of sound social behavior. What is meant by sound requires a deeper understanding of the Islamic conception of the human being. 1) Importance of Education Education in the context of Islam is regarded as a process that involves the complete person, including the rational, spiritual, and social dimensions. As noted by Syed Muhammad al-Naquib al-Attas in 1979, the comprehensive and integrated approach to education in Islam is directed toward the â€Å"balanced growth of the total personality†¦through training Man’s spirit, intellect, rational self, feelings and bodily senses†¦such that faith is infused into the whole of his personality† (p. 158). Educational theory in Islam: In Islam educational theory knowledge is gained in order to actualize and perfect all dimensions of the human being. From an Islamic perspective the highest and most useful model of perfection is the prophet Muhammad, and the goal of Islamic education is that people be able to live as he lived. Syed Hussein Nasr wrote in 1984 that while education does prepare humankind for happiness in this life, â€Å"its ultimate goal is the abode of permanence and all education points to the permanent world of eternity† (p. 7). To ascertain truth by reason alone is restrictive, according to Islam, because spiritual and temporal reality are two sides of the same sphere. Many Muslim educationists argue that favoring reason at the expense of spirituality interferes with balanced growth. Exclusive training of the intellect, for example, is inadequate in developing and refining elements of love,  kindness, compassion, and selflessness, which have an altogether spir itual ambiance and can be engaged only by processes of spiritual training. Education in Islam is twofold: 1. Acquiring intellectual knowledge (through the application of reason and logic) 2. Developing spiritual knowledge (derived from divine revelation and spiritual experience) According to the worldview of Islam, provision in education must be made equally for both. Acquiring knowledge in Islam is not intended as an end but as a means to stimulate a more elevated moral and spiritual consciousness, leading to faith and righteous action. 1. Emphasis on Acquiring Education in Qura’an: In a society where religion and knowledge in general and science in particular do not go hand in hand, it seems necessary to briefly describe the position of Islam vis-à  -vis knowledge, Islam, in theory as well as in practice, has always promoted knowledge. Distinctive mark of human beings over the angels is knowledge: â€Å"And Allah taught Adam all the names†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2:31) The first verses of the Quran began with the word: â€Å"Read. Read in the name of thy Lord who created; [He] created the human being from blood clot. Read in the name of thy Lord who taught by the pen: [He] taught the human being what he did not know.† (96: 1-5). The Qur’an says. â€Å"Are those who have knowledge equal to those who do not have knowledge?!†(39:9). 2. Emphasis on Acquiring Education in Hadith: The Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) has also emphasized the importance of seeking knowledge in different ways: (a) Time: â€Å"Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave.† (b) Place: â€Å"Seek knowledge even if it is far as China.† (c) Gender: â€Å"Seeking of knowledge is a duty of every Muslim† (d) Source: â€Å"Wisdom is the lost property of the believer, he should take it even if finds it in the mouth of a mushrik.† The Prophet did not only preach about importance of knowledge, he also gave examples of promoting knowledge. In the very first battle between the Muslims and unbelievers or Mecca, known as the war of Badr, the Muslims gain victory and caught seventy kuffars as prisoners of war. One of the criteria of releasing the prisoners devised by the Prophet was that those who were literate among the prisoners could go free if they teach ten Muslim children how to read and write. 2) Aims and Objectives of Education in Islam The aim of education in Islam is to produce a good man. What is meant by good in our concept of â€Å"good man†? The fundamental element inherent in the concept of education in Islam is the inculcation of adab (ta‘dib), for it is adab in the all-inclusive sense I mean, as encompassing the spiritual and material life of a man that instills the quality of goodness that is sought after. Education is what the Prophet, Peace be upon him, meant by adab when he said: â€Å"My Lord, educate (addaba) me and make my education (ta`dib) most excellent.† There is a general tendency among Muslims who are aware of the dilemma that is now pressing upon the Community to see its causes as external, as coming from the outside, originating from influences exerted by Western culture and civilization. That its causes are attributed to external elements is of course based upon correct observation, but it is also only partly true. It is true that the Muslim mind is now undergoing profound infiltration of cultural and intellectual elements alien to Islam; but to say that the causes are derived from external sources is only partly true. How has it been possible in the first place for Muslims to succumb to such infiltration to the extent that their predicament has now assumed the proportions of a dilemma? We will at once realize that the external causes referred to are not the only ones responsible for throwing us into a state of general crisis, and we must see that the full truth of our answer to the question lies undeniably in the prevalence of a certain anomaly within our Community; an anomaly that has with increasing persistence plagued our world and our intellectual history, and that has been left uncorrected and unchecked, now to spread like a raging contagion in our midst. Only by our consciousness and recognition and acknowledgement that serious internal causes have infact contributed considerably to our general disarray will we be able to discern the full truth that lies at the core of the dilemma we suffer today. The secular scholars and intellectuals among the Muslims derive their inspiration mainly from the West. Ideologically they belong to the same line of descent as the modernist ‘reformers’ and their followers; and some of them cleave to the views of the traditionalist ‘reformers’ and their followers. The majority of them do not possess the intellectual, spiritual, and linguistic prerequisites of Islamic knowledge and epistemology so that they are severed from the cognitive and methodological approaches to the original sources of Islam and Islamic learning. In this way their knowledge of Islam is at the barest minimal level. Because they occupy a strategic position in the midst of the community and unless they drastically change their ways of thinking and believing, they pose a grave danger to the Islamic welfare of the Community. They have no adab, for they do not recognize and acknowledge the legitimate authorities in the true hierarchical order, and they demonstrate by example and teach and advocate confusion and error. This is in fact the main reason why, as demonstrated in the course of Western intellectual history throughout the ages and the rise of secular philosophy and science in Western  civilization, the Western conception of knowledge based upon its experience and consciousness must invariably lead to secularization. There can be no doubt, therefore, that if the secular Muslim scholars and intellectuals allow themselves, or are allowed to confuse the Muslim youth in knowledge, the delslamization of the Muslim mind will continue to take effect with greater persistence and intensity, and will follow the same kind of secularizing course in future generations. Large numbers among them do not fully understand the nature of Western culture and civilization whence they draw their inspiration and before which they stand agape in reverential awe and servile humility portraying the attitude of the inferior. They do not even completely grasp the contents and implications of the teachings of their alien masters, being content only to repeat them in vulgarized versions and so cheat the Muslim audience of their true worth.

Developing the management skills

Irrespective of the cadre one is employed in, a modest behavior with one another, at all times is essential to not to give rise to behavior problems which in turn require an exercise of motivation tool by the management. However, problems set to arise when different mindsets come together for the purpose of work and solutions are always available for every problem of behavior in an organization. Appreciably EL, a professional organization, has appointed a consultant, an outsider to analyze the behavior of its employees to enable a crystal clear picture of employees behavioral and motivational problem.EL behavioral and motivational guidelines are excellent in setting a pattern of standards for employees. As it appears, engineers who form 88 per cent, are predominantly important for the operations whereas on this basis, the other employees are in some ways are encountering behavioral problems with engineers. There are no weaknesses for EL whereas the company has the ability to manage p eople well except to the fact that complete decision making is under the guidance of company’s President.As for the President of EL, the high priority task would be to allow an open discussion forum of both engineers and administrative employees and consider written proposals for handling behavioral problems and after a thorough analysis of paper work, consider a motivational workshop wherein both engineers and administrative staff are encouraged to maintain harmony in workplace without giving cause to indifferent attitudes in work place. Per se, salaries, turnover, office and facilities are perfect and employees also have the support of consultant to discuss and put forth the issues that are causing concern.ConclusionScotland workshop on motivation considers that   FUN = ENERGY = MOTIVATION = FOCUS = RESULTS.   Individual performance as well teamwork is important for organizations to deliver quality work.   In order to train employees for total quality management   ( TQM) awareness workshops must be conducted to encourage employees to exercise sharpening of skills,   explore individual strengths and lacunae areas. Finally, perfect and appropriate communication   solves half of the problems as a powerful motivational tool.References Motivated to succeedAccessed on 8 April 2007http://www.scotlandis.com/content_files/downloads/wet%20loth%20it.pdfBlaire Palmer (2005), Optimum Newsletter – Manager vs leaderAccessed 8 April 2007http://www.optimum-coaching.co.uk/news/motivation_newsletter_apr05.htm

The Benefits of Strategic Information Systems Coursework

The Benefits of Strategic Information Systems - Coursework Example Many business organizations exist which have acquired information systems but are unable to deploy these systems in a strategic manner in order to achieve a competitive advantage in their areas of operation, these failures often result from a misalignment of the strategic objectives of the company’s information systems with the strategic objectives of the business as a whole (Fortune & Peters, 2005) (Heeks, 2002). There are a number of possible reasons for such a misalignment some of the commonly cited reasons for such a misalignment include differing personalities and outlooks of the IT people and the business managers, separate budgets for IT departments which are unrelated to the budgets for the other departments and lack of oversight and effective management of the IT departments and an absence of accountability for business results (Heeks, 2002). These problems are often caused by a misplaced belief in the power of technology to help an organization in achieving its strategic aims, in reality; the mere presence of high tech equipment is of no use until it is utilized in a proper manner. According to a recent study on the link between information technology and productivity, advancements in information technology were not the primary cause of the improvements in technology which have occurred since the mid 1990’s rather it was the changes in business processes brought on by the use of information technology that enabled these gains in productivity (Ward & Peppard, 2002).In order to have an effective information system, managers need to make clear that the computational technology is not important in itself, it is rather a tool for realizing the strategic business aims of the company (Ward & Peppard, 2002).

Gram-Positive and Acid-Fast Bacteria Coursework

Gram-Positive and Acid-Fast Bacteria - Coursework Example Name and describe the stages of bacterial growth. How would you keep a culture in the stationary phase?Lag phase- at this stage the bacteria gets to adopt them to the growth condition. They undergo maturation, but they are not capable of dividing.Log phase- the phase if characterized by cell multiplication. Normally, the number of new bacteria per unit time is proportional to the current population. The stationary phase is premised on growth inhibiting factors.Stationary phase- It is the stage where growth rate is proportional to the death rate.Death phase- It is the stage where the bacteria finally die due to adverse living conditions that are brought about by the limiting factors.A culture can be kept in the stationary phase by invoking growth inhibiting factors such as high/low temperatures as well as limiting the amount of nutrients available for the bacteria.4. Describe the different sterilization techniques and know when to use each type. (For example, when would you use an aut oclave, gas, etc.?)Steam autoclave- it combines moisture and high temperatures to kill microorganisms. The technique utilizes temperature ranging from 121-148 degrees Celsius at a pressure of 15 P.S.I. Typically, the sterilization period is dependent on the load and temperature but can vary from ten minutes to one hour. It is used for surgical equipment.Chemical sterilization- The method utilized chemical agents that have the ability to kill microorganism for instance ethylene oxide gas. It is a low-temperature sterilization process.

Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cloning - Essay Example Thomas, years ago, knew that science would come to a point where the impossible is indeed achieved. The question which he asks, but to which there is no hard and fast answer, is, â€Å"is it ethical†? The possibility of human cloning was raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep "Dolly" (Lauritzen 57-64). Dolly aroused worldwide interest and concern because of the scientific and ethical implications in creating her. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of "cloning" --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (Murray, 41) When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions. (Murray, 41) The following three types of cloning technologies are the most progressive: (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. The terms "recombinant DNA technology," "DNA cloning," "molecular cloning,"or "gene cloning" all refer to the same process: the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. (Kass 89-100) The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today. Scientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular

The history of feminism movement in Mexico Research Paper

The history of feminism movement in Mexico - Research Paper Example There were also some social changes that were witnessed due to the movement. The strict and unbreakable rules that people struggled to live under were no longer there. Due to this, more freedom of expression and action resulted without restrictions. Daily life was transformed by the newly formed ideas. Women were now allowed to fight for their rights by the new ideology of feminist; this increased women’s social participation by a notable degree. Women could become business people aside from performing the usual house chores and taking care of the children. This brings us to the views of Laura Esquivel in her novel Like Water For Chocolate. The novel narrates a story of Tita, a young girl, who had been longing to marry Pedro, her only lover in her entire life. She could not achieve this because her mother was upholding a tradition of the family that the youngest daughter was supposed to take care of the mother and not marry. Tita could only express her grievances while cooking . Although the contemporary Mexico had accepted specific values of feminism as well as women’s agility, the country is still identified with male concepts dominating the society and the role of women. Through the application of the female language, Esquivel has significantly challenged the womanhood sentimental. She has taken the Mexican traditional way of looking at women and then turned it around the heads of the people. This has portrayed women by male characteristics predominantly and branded men a weaker sex. She demonstrates this in the manner in which the domesticity has managed to show that it is antithetical to homes. This does not matter whether it is merely... The history of feminism movement in Mexico The majority of women had the social and political commitments awakened. Even before the repression of the initial demonstration, some students already offered an opportunity of active participation to women in the social movement (Glenn 39). This paper seeks to discuss the feminist movement in Mexico and the nature of feminism in the novel Like Water For Chocolate by Laura Esquivel. The feminism grew stronger and started to spread. Government officials even made focus on the men who were in the movement and discounted the role that women played in the movement. The government made men their major target during the October 2, 1968, crackdown and left women behind. This was an opportunity for women to keep active the movement. There were various women who spearheaded the movement and gave women the opportunity to participate and keep the movement alive. Other feminists like Rosario Castellanos headed a domestic strike by women in the United States. Others like Carmen Landa gave practi cal examples of how the feminist movement could transform the lives of women. Mexican women have continued to fight in order to get their rights. They have done this to the extent that they assumed the roles of males, which resultantly led to their liberation. According to Laura Esquivel’s Like Water for Chocolate (1989), Mexico’s tradition demanded that Tita’s marriage was forbidden and that her responsibility was to take good care of her mother to her grave.

How Ivan Illyich viewed his own death Assignment

How Ivan Illyich viewed his own death - Assignment Example People not only ignore family and friends at the climax of their career life, but also they appear to be ignorant of the bitter truth that they would have to leave this world one day at any cost. Hence, they seldom discuss the topic in their everyday life, and take it as a matter of least concern for their life. It is therefore Byock (2002) is justified in stating that discussing the meaning of death looks disrespectful and distasteful. The same is applied to Ivan Ilych, the protagonist of the novel under-examination, who first time felt the absence of the family and distances from his wife and children after slipping from stairs, and falling ill, gradually proceeding to his ultimate end eventually. The novel begins with the death news of Ilych, few hours before, and his friends and colleagues appear to be discussing the event with astonishment. Somehow, they take it serious just for the next few moments, and start discussing other matters taking his exit from the world as a routine incident of least interest. The novel proceeds and takes the readers to the early years of Ilych’s life, demonstrating him as a brilliant student and an adventurous youth as well (Tolstoy, 13). The young man embarks upon his career in the law profession, and rises to the position of judge during his latter years. He turns such absorbed and dedicated in his career life that he does not estimate his relationship with his family members. Now, after undergoing an injury in the wake of an accident, he appears to be lying in bed, and making struggle to survive between life and death. At first, Ilych takes it as a trivial injury, though it gradually damages his left side, and confines him to bed. Leading a life of loneliness as a retired and recluse person turns out to be very irritating for him in the beginning. The indifference demonstrated by his wife and children towards him is also painful and humiliating for him. Somehow, gradually he realizes that it is not a matter of ailmen t and convalescence; rather, it is a struggle between life and death, where death is sure to overcome life one day or the other. Ilych experiences severe physical pains at the verge of death, and starts cursing the situation turning his state unbearable (169). He is being attended by the peasant boy, though family members also arrive at there by that time. As a result, out of sheer pains, he starts inviting death to relieve him from such suffering immediately (171). Hence, death, to Ilych is the phenomenon that not only unveils the mysteries of universe before the dying person, but also it brings the message of comfort and relief from the worries of life, and physical and mental agonies and pains, which Ilych experiences during last few hours of undergoing severe pain before breathing his last (171). The novel concentrates upon death phenomenon, and man’s certain departure from this world one day after spending some specific time period on the face of the earth. Consequently, man’s relation with death is eternal and perpetual, while his association with worldly life is just temporary

Pathopyhsiology1 case senerio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pathopyhsiology1 case senerio - Essay Example Hence, the nurse must try to convince Mrs. J about the severity of her (J’s) health status so as to end her smoking habit permanently and persuade her to take antihypertensive medications regularly. Cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, high or low BP, cardiomyopathy, and pulmonary hypertension can intensify heart failure. In order to intervene in the coronary artery disease, the nurse can ask the patient to mark his/her pain level on a 0-10 scale. In addition, the nurse may encourage coughing and deep breathing. Medication can be effective for low/high BP. In case of cardiomyopathy, the nurse should place the patient in a position that eases the patient’s respiratory efforts. The nurse must also record intake and output of fluids. For people with pulmonary hypertension, the nurse should provide supplemental oxygen and more diuretics. The nurse can collect necessary information from the patient in order to obtain details of the patient’s past habits. Finally, the nurse should continuously monitor the patient once a new drug is

Project Management Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Project Management Review - Essay Example If outsourcers fail to re-document the message according to the individual requirements, it means that outsourcers did not get the content of the actual message. It is recommendable for the individual not to settle a response such as â€Å"Yes, I got the message’. Finally, the individual has to request outsourcers to create a prototype for the order placed. This prototype would be very helpful for the individual to ensure that outsourcers have absolutely understood his wants and needs. In order to make the communication between individual and outsourcers better, it is advisable to make use of pictures as they are more powerful tools for communication. In this way, everybody working on a placed order can thoroughly understand how the final product looks like. By undergoing these phases, an individual may ensure that outsourcers clearly understand his requirements. 2. It seems that a project manager’s trust is the key to exercising influence in an organization. A project manager deals with each and every aspect of a particular project, from creating a methodology for specific task completion to formulating a quick plan changes in response to unforeseen contingencies. While considering time-sensitive as well as cost consuming nature of modern business projects, the project manager’s trust is very vital to an organization’s financial success. ... uggests that every project team must â€Å"have sufficient checks and balances in place to insure against untrustworthy behaviors† either by project team members or by other concerned parties (Bourne, 2010). Therefore, a project manager’s trust is vital to make sure better accountability and thereby a positive reputation for the organization. A project manager’s stature also plays a significant role in contributing to organizational flexibility. Since the modern business environment is highly unpredictable, proposed project structure may need to be changed in times of contingencies. A project manager cannot delegate such last-minute changes if he has not earned the trust of his teams. 3. â€Å"Principled negotiation is an interest-based approach to negotiation that focuses primarily on conflict management and conflict resolution† (Principled negotiation). This concept mainly uses an integrative approach with intent to explore a mutually shared outcome. The concept of principled negotiations was firstly introduced in the book â€Å"Getting to Yes† which was published in 1981 by Roger Fisher and William Ury. The principled negotiation is based upon four key points which are illustrated below. 1. Separate people from the problem 2. Focus on interests, not positions 3. Invent options for mutual gain 4. Insist on objective criteria The first key point reflects the fact that relationship issues must be separated from substantive issues. According to Fisher, Ury, and Patton (1991, p. 21), popular problems mainly involve issues related to perception, emotion, and communication. Negotiating on interests does not indicate that it must be about things which people express as a want or need. Often, people tend to achieve extreme positions which are capable of confronting with

Discovering Mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discovering Mathematics - Essay Example This situation contributes to gender disparity in labor force. However, the government of Oman is currently implementing non discrimination policies in recruitment processes in the public sector. As a result, the number of women hired in government departments is steadily rising. Currently, women consist of about 30% of the government workforce. With this figure, public sector still provides more employment opportunities to women than men (Al-Azri, 2012). Hence, this research examines the gender question in the private sector employment. It compares the number of male and females employed in the private sector. Data Collection This research used a questionnaire which was self administered for data collection. The questionnaire contained closed format or multiple questions for easy quantitative data analysis. Closed ended responses are easy to code, perform data entry and analyze (McDaniel & Gates, 1998). The sample was drawn using random sampling technique. Questionnaire This survey is conducted to determine the number of females and males in employed in the private sector. Thanks you very much for participating in the survey. Please complete the questionnaire and return it to the issuer. It only takes 3 minutes to respond to the questions. Be assured that your responses shall be treated with utmost confidentiality. . Section A: (Demographic Information) (Please, tick one) 1. Are you: Male ? Female ? 2. Are you: Under 21 ? 21 - 25 ? 26 - 30 ? 31 - 35 ? 36 - 40 ? 41 - 45 ? 46 - 50 ? 51 - 55 ? 56 - 60 ? 60+ ? Section B: (Employment Information) (Please, tick one) 3. Are you: Employed ? Not Employed ? 4. If employed, are you: Full-time employed ? Part-time employed ? 5. In which sector are you employed? Private ? Public ? 6. In which industry are you employed? Agricultural and Mining ? Manufacturing and Construction ? Transport and Telecommunication ? Science and Technology ? Wholesale and Retail Trade ? Real estate and Rental ? Health Care and Social services ? T ourism, Arts, Recreation and Entertainment ? Finance and Insurance ? Other (specify).................................................................................... *END* Results Fig 1.0: A table showing the number of males and females working in private sector according to age groups Age Group Male Females Total Under 21 8,617 1,437 10,054 21-25 33,565 8,696 42,261 26-30 37,966 9,713 47,679 31-35 24,931 6,539 31,470 36-40 11,538 3,615 15,153 41-45 7,201 2,097 9,298 46-50 6,360 1,274 7,634 51-55 5,161 820 5,981 56-60 3,159 296 3,455 60+ 1,380 76 1,456 Total 139,878 34,563 174,441 (Adapted from statistical year book, 2012) Analysis Fig 1.1: Table showing analyzed data for male employees Age Group x f fx x-? (x-?)^2 f(x-?)^2 Under 21 9.5 8,617 81,861.5 -21.5 462.25 3,983,208.25 21-25 23 33,565 771,995 -8 64 2,148,160 26-30 28 37,966 1,063,048 -3 9 341,694 31-35 33 24,931 822,723 2 4 99,724 36-40 38 11,538 438,444 7 49 565,362 41-45 43 7,201 309,643 12 144 1,036,944 46-50 48 6,360 305,280 17 289 1,838,040 51-55 53 5,161 275,533 22 484 2,497,924 56-60 58 3,159 183,222 27 729 2,302,911 61-75 68 1,380 93,840 37 1,360 1,876,800 139,878 4,345,589.5 16, 690,767.25 Mean Age of Males Mean = ?fx ? ?f 4,345,589.5 ? 139,878 31 years Standard Deviation in Age of Males Standard Deviation v (?f(x-?) ^2/?f) v (16,690,767.25 ? 139,878) 11 years Median Age of Males Median = L + Where L is lower limit of median class N is total cumulative frequency Fi-1 is cumulative freque

A History of Melody Essay Example for Free

A History of Melody Essay The violin emerged from a primitive musical bow, usually an arched stick with a string stretched taut between the two ends (Hughes, 2008). The string is divided by a loop or a bridge (Thinkquest, 1999). The first bridge was used to add to the instruments resonance when the string was vibrated, and strings were attached across suitable receptacles (Hughes, 2008). These resonance enhancers took many forms-tortoise shells, coconut, calabash, wooden boxes and even pig bladders (Thinkquest, 1999), thrust tightly between the strings and the bow (Thinkquest, 1999). Also to enhance the resonance of the bow, the instrument was held before the mouth (Thinkquest, 1999). The violin probably came to Europe around the 9th century, mostly originating from Asia (Thinkquest, 1999). It took the evolutionary process of the violin about 450 years to bring the violin to its present form. This only shows the long years of experience needed by the makers of the stringed instrument (Thinkquest, 1999). The use of a bow to draw across the strings followed, probably imported into Europe from Asia by Arab travellers (Hughes, 2008). The evolution of the violin was slow. It took until the middle Ages for a version of the zither, a popular and older instrument, to evolve into the vielle, which saw the instrument being held against the shoulder. This differentiated it from the zither, as the latter was held across the knees (Hughes, 2008). As time went on, the original one string grew to four, and for a time, five strings (Hughes, 2008). Fashionable until the 16th century, the vielle was changed with the small wooden ribs used in similar wooden plucked instruments replaced by the tailpiece and bridge (Hughes, 2008). Violin 2 By the time of the Renaissance, the viol (a bowed stringed instrument chiefly of the 16th and 17th centuries made in treble, alto, tenor, and bass sizes and distinguished from members of the violin family especially in having a deep body, a flat back, sloping shoulders, usually six strings, a fretted fingerboard, and a low-arched bridge (Merriam-Webster, 2008), was being used, the first having a hole adding resonance and tone to the instrument (Hughes, 2008). It was a short time that the viol evolved into the viola da gamba (a bass member of the viol family having a range approximating the cello (Merriam-Webster, 2008), which was played between the knees of the musician, and the viola de braccio held against the shoulder. The modern shape of the violin was evolved from the second version of the instrument (Hughes, 2008). The Violin evolved form many different instruments, including the Rebob, the Rebec, Lira da Braccio and the Renaissance fiddle. The violin today, the â€Å"new violin† was not used until 1630 in Italy (Berkeley, 2008). The evolution of the modern violin appears to have been completed in Italy with the most famous violin maker Andrea Amati at Cremona, providing 24 violins, six violas and eight cellos for the French King Charles IX in 1560 (Hughes, 2008). Another famous violin maker, Antonio Stradivarius, joined the Amati school in the latter half of the 6th century (Hughes, 2008). The violins refinery As stated earlier in the paper, that apart from the Arab travellers influence had an on the violin, there is no certain fact on who invented the violin or a stringed instrument that is played with a bow (Hughes, 2008). Some of the theories place the invention of the violin at around 1520 A. D. wherein the violin is included in the Gaudenzio Ferrari painting The Madonna of the Orange Trees (cited in Berkeley, 2008). Violin 3 But the violin emerged in Italy in the early 1500s and seems to have developed from two medieval bowed instruments-the fiddle, also called the viele or fiedel, and the rebec-and from the Renaissance lira de braccio (a violin-like instrument with off the finger drone strings (Rosenblum, 2007). Also related to the violin, but not direct ancestors, is the six-string fretted viol. The viol appeared in Europe before the violin and existed with it side by side for about 200 hundred years (Rosenblum, 2007). In the early 1600s, however, the violin gained prestige through its use in operas such as Orfeo(1607) by Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi, and through the French King Louis XIII band of musicians, the 24 violons de roi (the â€Å"Kings 24 violins†, formed in 1626). This growth in stature continued throughout the Baroque period (1600-1750) in the works of many notable composer-performers. Among them were the Italians Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi and Giuseppe Tartini and the Germanys Heinrich Biber, Georg Philipp Teleman and Johann Sebastian Bach (Rosenblum, 2007). The Craftsmen The earliest important violin makers were from Northern Italy, Gasparo da Salo (1540-1609) and Giovanni Maggini (1579-1630) from Brescia and Andrea Amati (1525-1611) from Cremona. The craft of violin making reached its height in the 17th and 18th centuries in the workshops of the Italians Antonio Stradivarius (1644-1737) and Giuseppe Guarneri (1698-1744) from Cremona and the Austrian Jacob Stainer (1617-1638) (Rosenblum, 2007). Violin 4 Gasparo da Salo (1542-1609) The founder of the Brescian school of violin makers, Gasparo Bertlotti, or Gasparo da Salo, was a dedicated craftsman and instrument maker. He was formerly credited with the claim of having developed the violin in the shape we know today. Although his claims have been disproved, his instruments are nevertheless admired and venerated (Smithsonian, 2008). Gasparos violas are considered finer than his violins and probably were more numerous (Smithsonian, 2008). His viola da gambas were converted to violincellos and are much esteemed, and some of his six-stringed bass viols have been remounted as three and four stringed double basses. Twenty instruments have been recorded (Smithsonian, 2008). Giovanni Paolo Maggini (1579-1630) An apprentice of Gasparo da Salo, he acquired a thorough knowledge of the woods available to him (Smithsonian, 2008). Maggini made his own mark and as a master, his own techniques of craftsmanship. He frequently experimented to improve tone quality for his pieces and perfect his construction methods (Smithsonian, 2008). Many of the instruments made by Maggini at the twilight of his career are considered his finest work. These works are known for the quality of the woods and unusually large sound holes as well as for their unusually mellow tones (Smithsonian, 2008). Andrea Amati (1525-1611) The founder of the great Cremona school of violin making, Amati focused on violins and was making viols and rebecs. Instruments dated after 1584 are said to be the works of his sons Antonio and Hieronymus (Smithsonian, 2008). Violin 5 It is claimed that he made 24 violins, 6 violas and 8 cellos for the French king Charles IX for use at the court at Versailles (Smithsonian, 2008). A few of these instruments survive to this day (Smithsonian, 2008). Antonio Stradivarius (1644-1734) Stradivarius interpretation of geometry and design served as a conceptual model for violin makers for more than 200 years (Smithsonian, 2008). Stradivarius also made harps, guitars, violas and cellos- more than 1,100 instruments by current estimate (Smithsonian, 2008). About 650 of these instruments survive today (Smithsonian, 2008). Bartolomeo Giuseppe Guarneri (1698-1744) Guarneri is considered the most illustrious member of this violin making family. The fifth and last member of the family, he is known more as Joseph Guarnerius del Gesu. Guarnerius is the Latin form of the family name and Joseph the Hebrew form of Giuseppe (Smithsonian, 2008). The estimate of his total production is not more than 250 violins; no evidence suggests that he made more (Smithsonian, 2008). But at least one violoncello and some violas are attributed to him. The outline of his violins, with slight modifications, is founded on instruments of Stradivarius (Smithsonian, 2008). Stradivarius and Guarnerius are ranked as among the greatest violin makers, but fine violinists prefer Guarnerius over Stradivarius (Smithsonian, 2008). Whatever the history or whoever the maker of the violin, we all must appreciate the efforts of these individuals who in one way or another contributed to the making of the violin. All these men have given much by way of continuously honing the instrument as it is known and enjoyed today by scores of people. Violin 6 Personal Reflection The violin represents probably on of the more versatile, elegant and mysterious of the instruments that we have today. The seeming smallness of the instrument somewhat does not tell of the long and painstaking process that went into its refinement and development. The reason that I centred the paper on this instrument is just for those following reasons. The instrument for me seems to just waft its notes and sounds over the listeners ears at just the right moments. They are, I believe, different from the wind pieces such as the trumpet and the saxophone. These pieces produce these shrill notes that sometimes tend to be irritable if you are not an admirer for the kind of music. But the violin just seems to play its notes in a mellow and smooth sound. It sometimes will want to lull to sleep at times. Im a fan of the violin. For me, there is just no instrument just like it in sound and depth and quality of sound. Yes, there are many pieces out there that seem to sound alike, but cant seem to touch the position of the violin. I cant imagine an orchestra without a violin in the strings section. It would be incomplete without it. The sound would be really different than the violins in it. And the violin can cross over to different genres of music, from classical to country to pop to jazz and to others, without a tad of difficulty. Thats another thing I like about this instrument, its very versatile. It can just blend in with the various styles of music that you put it with and it will perform handsomely, a trait not all instruments can boast of. What we can do now is just relax at every playing of the violin, just to enjoy the elegant sound of the instrument as the musician begins to play and begins to once again weave its magic over its listeners. Reference Berkeley. (2008). The origins and history of the violin. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Berkeley website. http://www-atdp. berkeley. edu/2030/jmoriuchi/violin-title. html Hughes, A. (2008). Where did the violin originate? Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Answer Bank database http://www. theanswerbank. co. uk/Article1910. html Merriam-Webster. (2008). Viola. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Merriam-Webster website http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/viol Rosenblum, M. (2007). Violin. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Microsoft Encarta encyclopaedia database. http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761576364/Violin. html Smithsonian Institution. (2008). Violin makers. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Encyclopaedia Smithsonian website. http://www. si. edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmah/violdasa. htm ThinkQuest. (1999). The violin. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Oracle Education Foundation database. http://library. thinkquest. org/27178/en/section/1/index. html

Using Color To Define A Character Film Studies Essay

Using Color To Define A Character Film Studies Essay Edward Sissorhand, Moulin Rouge, Hero. Compare/contrast color and meaning how color define character. Color has an important role for a movie. The colors have many meaning such as love, happiness, sadness, cheerfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. so that it will make the film more interesting. Understanding color meanings, it helps with mixing and matching colors to know the relationship of adjacent, complementary, and clashing colors (color meaning). In addition the characters also have an important role. Every movie will have a different meaning of the colors form that the audiences will know clearly what the director want to define about the characters for that movie. The combination for all of them will make the scene more harmonious. Edward Scissorhands is a 1990 comedy-drama fantasy film directed by Tim Burton and starring Johnny Depp (Wikipedia, film). The inventor was inspired to make an artificial man due to the anthropomorphic appearance of his other inventions. He raised Edward as his son and tutored him in various subjects, but died while in the act of offering a pair of hands to Edward (Wikipedia, film). He lives alone in the ancient palace for a long time. Later there is a woman who name Peg comes to the ancient palace and she takes him come back with her like a friend. Now the audiences will know Edward is the main character in the movie. As the main character the director pay attention about his color that in the beginning he just has black color. With only one color he looks so lonely and melancholy, but later by the point of director he has black and white with the changing he became friendlier. The scene is in the garden of the ancient palace, after Edward left the town and say goodbye with Kim before he comes back and live in the palace. Edward is going to go down form the stair to the garden. Now he comes back with only black color for the whole body, this point will make the audience pay attentions to him, because he just say goodbye with Kim so they want to know how Edward is felling now. The background is divided with a part was palace and a part was blue sky. The scene is in a beautiful garden with many colors, most of it is green because it has a lot of grass and statue of a kind of animal in front of the scene. Edward only has black color and he is standing in a place with many colors so the first thing makes the audiences pay attention is him and he also is the main character. There is still had another thing made Edward in this scene become important that is the tone. In fact green and blue are stand for happiness but the tone is sad so that it makes the green and blue also sad, it also makes the main character become more important because there is only him in the scene. The tone is showing the main of point of the director for the feeling of Edward in the scene. Moulin Rouge is a 2001 musical film directed by Baz Luhrmann, based largely on the Giuseppe Verdi opera La Traviata (Wikipedia, film).. This movie talks about the music and dance. Christian is a young Bohemian poet living in 1899 Paris, defies his father by joining the colorfully diverse clique inhabiting the dark, fantastical underworld of Paris now legendary Moulin Rouge (movie yahoo). Satine is an actress and a singer; in Moulin Rouge she is a character who is very famous. The main colors of this movie are red and blue; red stand for sadness and blue stand for happiness. Every time the scene has red color it will have something happen to the main character-Satine. As the point of the director red stand for sadness and Satines hair also is red so she becomes the first main character of the movie. This scene is in the stage with many people are dancing and singing. All of them are very happy. Two main characters are very happy and they are singing the love song. The blue now look like cover the whole stage, as the point of director blue to stand for happiness. So the audience will think Christian and Satine will become a love couple after the performance. However the color suddenly changes to red. There are a lot of confetti falls down from the ceiling into Christian and Satine, it is red and then everything also turns into red. Christian and Satine still sing their song and they look very love each other. The audiences will think in this scene red will stand for the win and color of love, but from beginning red stand for sadness. In fact blue is stand for happiness and red stand for the win but in this movie red stand for sadness. After they finish the performance the curtain close up Satine dies. Now the sadness is breaking the plot of the audiences. Everybody after the curt ain are crying however the people out side are laughing and clap hand mean for they have a successful performance. Hero is a 2002 Chinese martial arts film, directed by Zhang Yimou with music by Tan Dun (Wikipedia, film). The movie has a group of assassins those are Flying Snow, Broken Sword and Long Sky. All of them have sworn to kill the King of Qin. Nameless is the character that will kill those people. [When he finishes his mission he] come to the palace bearing the legendary weapons of the slain assassins, the King was impatient to hear his story. Sitting in the palace, only ten paces from the King, Nameless told his extraordinary (Hero [2002] [US Version]). The main colors of this film are red, blue and green each color have a different story. This scene start in a bookshelves room, there are three characters Nameless, Broken Sword and Flying know. The main color in this scene is blue and the clothes of the characters also blue. This is the best point in this movie because in each story the color will be changed. Now they are in the mountain the tone in this scene is sad and it makes blue also sad, in fact blue stand for happiness. By the combination of director blue in this scene become sadness. Suddenly, Broken Sword wants to use the sword stab Flying Snow but Flying Snow has stab him first, but he doesnt die it just make him feel tire. Flying Snow goes alone and Broken Sword follows her but he cant catch her up. It makes this scene become important because they are in the mountain and around it is sand but there is still has a horse-a white horse. That means the horse is prepared before by someone. As the point of director, there is only a horse and Broken Sword is injured so Flying Snow will ride the horse. The colors of those three movies are stand for sadness; each director will have different way to express the content and the emotion for their movie. Although, the colors in the movies stand for sadness, but the audiences will have different feeling when they watch the movie. In fact those colors all are stand for happiness. In Edward Sissorhands and Hero, both of directors use blue to express the sadness in the scene. The tone also is also using to increase the sadness for the main character. However, in Moulin Rough is different, the director uses red to express the sadness is better. Because at the end of the film the plot is broken, and the main character Satine dies so the feeling of the audiences suddenly change to sad. While before a few minutes two main characters Christian and Satine and everyone in the state are very happy dancing and singing. Therefore, breaking the plot to express sadness of the red color is better than those two movies. In conclusion, color is an important role for making a film. The color will stand out the main point of director. The audiences will know the feeling of the characters then they can guest what is the next happen will have for the main character when they see that color in the scene. Every film has a different meaning of the color so we cant know which the best is. In addition the tone also effect to the color so it depend on each person when they watch the movie.

What Theological Or Ethical Principles Religion Essay

What Theological Or Ethical Principles Religion Essay As palliative care is specialized comfort care for people who are approaching the end of their lives, it is related to many ethical issues and concerns. Its framework is based on the moral values and principles of the professionals involved, patients concerned, their families and society as a whole. Palliative care is a very sensitive issue and it is important that it is administered in an appropriate manner. The main objective is to achieve the best possible quality of life, both for the person, and for their family. As such, palliative care is more than the provision of medical relief from pain and other distressing symptoms. It encompasses the psychological, social, emotional and spiritual aspects of end of life care. The palliative care philosophy affirms life and regards dying as a normal process. It neither aims to hasten nor postpone death. It endeavours to provide a team-based support system for the person, enabling them to live as fulfilled a life as possible for the time remaining; and to help their family cope during their loved ones illness and prepare for their bereavement. Care can be provided at home, in a hospital, an aged care facility or a palliative care unit. Above all, palliative care respects the dignity of the person who is dying, carefully honouring their story, wishes and needs. A discussion about palliative care doesnt necessarily mean that death is imminent, in fact, its far better to start thinking and talking about your palliative care options before you need them. Palliative care is sometimes required for a person whose death is very near a matter of hours or days while others will need care over a longer period of time, sometimes years. In this case their care needs will tend to be less intensive and more episodic. The need for palliative care does not depend on any particular medical diagnosis, but the combination of many factors assessed through the judgement of the person, their family, the palliative care team and other medical professionals, including the persons GP. Families and carers may also receive assistance from palliative care services in order to help them cope with emotional and social problems; wounded healers also need healing. To palliate is to cover with a cloak of care; to offer protection and provide relief in the last chapter of life. A palliative approach is a type of palliative care and recognizes that death is inevitable for all of us. For me writing, I am reminded of a comment Professor John Swinton made in response to a question at the recent CAPS conference: Wherever we are in life, there is a storm coming preparedness becomes about the solidity of our foundations. End of life questions of quality, planning and dignity are ethically and theologically grounded in solidifying our foundation. Clements (1990) wrote of this, explaining that as the person moving through life finds their roles stripped from them, and if they have no spiritual foundation, they may be found naked at the core. Residential Aged Care Facilities are often the place where people spend the final chapter of their life; people come into care because they are no longer able to look after themselves and most will have chronic illness alongside ageing. The focus of care in aged care facilities is to help people live well with their illness and frailty during their time spent there. This focus on living well is the essence of the palliative approach to care. Our goal is always to assess and treat pain and other symptoms thoroughly, in familiar surroundings and in the company of the persons loved ones. Theres a Japanese proverb of which I am particularly fond, A sunset can be just as beautiful as a sunrise. In my work Ive seen many beautiful sunsets in peoples lives. Sadly, Ive also witnessed some that arent so beautiful. With forward planning they may have been different. The sudden onset of illness has a way of turning our lives, and the lives of our family and friends, upside down at any age. Suddenly decisions can be very difficult to make; thats why planning ahead is important. If we know what a persons choices and wishes are, were able to respect them if something should happen and theyre unable to tell us themselves. Medical treatment to manage symptoms goes alongside comfort care and could include surgery or medications. The focus of a palliative approach is on living. That is why staff will want to set goals and to plan for how the person wants to live the rest of their life. The end-of-life stage is an extraordinarily profound and emotional time; and a person does not have to be religious to have spiritual considerations. Spirituality is about how we make meaning in our lives and feel connected to other things, people, communities and nature. Spiritual questions, beliefs and rituals are often central to people when they are in the final chapter of their lives. Ensuring that staff are informed about each residents unique spiritual considerations will allow them to be properly respected and addressed. Helping the person to tell their story can help them find meaning, affirmation and reassurance. To effectively palliate would mean that: family and staff communicate openly and with compassion with the person in care and with each other; that pain control and comfort is achieved as far as possible; that the resident has every opportunity to communicate with those who are important to them; and that their physical, emotional, social, cultural and spiritual needs are addressed and as far as possible met. One size cloak of care does not fit all (Hudson, 2012). When these elements are neglected the cloak becomes an empty cover up, leaving the resident exposed rather than protected. When the cloak does not fit it is uncomfortable to wear (Hudson 2012) but the vulnerable population of people in their fourth age may wear it anyway for fear of seeming ungrateful. An appropriate cloak of care must have a spiritual lining, and provide opportunities to reveal hidden hurt; forgive, reconcile; and find peace in loss through tasks of self-reflection and self-transcendence. Spiritual and pa storal care in this context aims for wholeness and spiritual growth. Palliative care should not palliate death itself denying the stark reality of death and dying with false platitudes and consolation can mask existential pain and real needs and further, make these taboo. From a Christian theology, death is recognized as inevitable and necessary. Ageing is an inescapable process that in part defines human existence and experience. From the moment we are born we age. Ageing only ends when we die. Experience of human life tells us that ageing and death are linked. The curse of Adam in Genesis 3 introduces this finitude to our lives. Our role as pastoral carers is one of empowerment, relationship and human presence. Care of people who are suffering means providing real spiritual care, where a closeness or intimacy is developed between the person who is suffering and the carer. This is often quite alien for health professionals, who, through the culture of residential aged care accreditation, are subscript to activity theory and a doing role that emphasizes action rather than being with (MacKinlay, 2006). This involves not a sense of competence, but a sense of humility in the awareness of our own inability to fix anything, beyond being with that person at their point of need. The vulnerability of being present to ageing and death constitutes a simple and costly demand to stay. Not to understand or explain just to stay; Or else to expire in terrible wilderness, lonely silence (Caldwell 1960). In MacKinlays (2006) observation that care of people who are suffering means to walk the journey of suffering with them, to be present with them and authentic in caring (p. 167) I am reminded of Jesus telling his disciples to watch and pray (Matthew 26:36-46)  to bear witness. We cannot cure the scriptural worst enemy of the fatal sting but we CAN care sincerely respecting that the cloak is not ours to fashion and that the chapter will always have an end (Hudson, 2012). Jesus, in becoming human and by his death and resurrection, defeats death and gives resurrection hope of a body free from ageing, decline and frailty, providing hope to all people, especially those in the fourth age. Terminal illnesses do not inhibit people the way they used to; a person burdened with such an illness can live a long and reasonably well life. Consequently terminal disease is tangled in an ethics web concerning limited health resources, contributing to funding and community tensions. These tensions intrinsically present ethical issue in the equity of service provision. Stemming from this is the sensitive nature of transitioning to palliative care, and further to end-of-life care. End of life can be defined as that part of life where a person is living with, and impaired by, an eventually fatal condition, even if the prognosis is ambiguous, or unknown. The World Health Organisation defines palliative care as an approach that improves the quality of life of individuals and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and management of pain and other needs, physical, psychological and spiritual. There is further tension surrounding communication and generational knowledge. As with Jefferys Mrs Davis there can be enormous gaps in generational perspective which may compromise informed decisions. The onus for decision making in a palliative care team lies with the resident themselves so, ethically, whose responsibility is it to be sure that a decision is well-informed? And further, who can be unbiased in providing information so as not to manipulate a decision? Contradictory beliefs, conflicting principles, and competing duties between the parties involved in end-of-life care can tear the cloak. Beauchamps primary principles of health care include: non-maleficence, confidentiality, autonomy, truth telling, informed consent, and justice. Empathy underpins each of the principles above, and in this lies the difficulty. We cannot understand (Okon, 2006 cited by Hudson 2012), we cannot try the cloak on for size but sometimes just looking as though you could understand (Saunders, 1987 cited by Hudson, 2012) makes a world of difference and goes some way to thwart loneliness. In end-of-life care, our presence as pastoral carers is strengthened in enabling spiritual growth through the sharing of connectedness and ritual. A palliative approach is built on an understanding of the uniqueness of individuals life histories and personalities, and implies commitment to an individuals developmental tasks of ageing and coming to peace. To be able to reach such goals as personal satisfaction, the individual must have means of expressing themselves. Our role in the care of older people is to support and enable each individuals sense of meaning and self-expression; to affirm each individual as a person of great value, and loved by God. Aged care is a delicate balancing act in that functional decline, infirmities and diseases are often inherent in ageing. Because of the nature of chronic illness in the fourth age, a caring response in the face of incurable illness is respect, and commitment to personal autonomy and integrity. That is, our role in promoting overall comfort and wellbeing through positively reinforcing and enabling those with such prognoses, to live to their best quality of life. The goal of palliative care is to provide comfort and care when cure is no longer possible. This paradigm shift entails a shift in the definition of autonomy. People at the end stage of life are not playing by the same rules as you or I who would oblige patient autonomy and nod to expert medical opinion. Health professionals in this context need to be enablers not decision makers. Gradual functional decline and loss of control in autonomy are inevitable with age. Loss of control is painful and scary. Perhaps this kind of persona is paralleled only in infancy leaving our elders feeling a sense of childhood being forced upon them (Jeffery, 2001). Unfortunately admission to aged care often does not help these older adults to feel less like children. The danger and ethical dilemma here is the assumption of impaired autonomy; in that decisions are made and autonomy declared lost even when this is unnecessary, because it is a simpler, easier course of action we know what is good for you (Jeffery, 2001). The basis of this kind of paternalism is beneficence its motivation is to act in a persons best interest so that no one gets harmed; making harm or burden the reason for intervention. Some loss of autonomy is inevitable in later life and steps have to be taken to act in the incompetent persons best interest, sometimes with their wishes recorded in living wills or advance care plans. Often autonomy presupposes someone, who acts in accordance with such a pre-conceived plan, and who is rational and independent; but autonomy may be better understood in terms of identity and self expression of values (Jeffery, 2001). A written advance care plan is about ensuring peace of mind. Effective advance care planning can avoid an unwanted transfer to a hospital. But even such counteractions as advance care planning can be problematic as these are based on todays situation and forecasted futures i.e. these cannot take into account tomorrows medical breakthrough. This being the case, there arise new ethical dilemmas e.g. do we have a right as people acting in someones best interests to tweak what they have proclaimed to want for themselves? Would they have wanted what they said they wanted were they deciding now? When autonomy is understood as a property of action or a capacity of persons (Reich, 1995); impaired autonomy, becomes a hopelessly limiting self fulfilling prophecy in that it diminishes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the opportunities of those who lack certain abilities or capacities (Caplan, 1992). Autonomy needs to be seen as a way of valuing the human person, respecting them and recognizing their right to make decisions as the master of themselves. Personhood is not compromised or incapacitated by end stage life we are who we remember one another to be an essential aspect of being human is to care and be cared for; interdependence is a non-accidental feature of the human condition. Being human, we are bearers of the image of God (Gen 1:26). This image demonstrates our capacity for relationship with God, and with the rest of humanity (Green, 197). This capacity for relationship does not diminish as we age. If autonomy is taken as valuing ones uniqueness and the capacity to give gifts, it is a search for meaning in life authenticity. That is: as Jeffery writes; authentic choice is the autonomy of action that requires meaningful choices to be offered and identified with which equates to ones values and essentially what they stand for. If this is how we understand autonomy then this sheds new light on impaired autonomy. In effect we lose the ability to stand for what we stand for. In this case, autonomy becomes less about incompetence and more about advocacy in helping the person to reconnect their essential values to their choices and allowing them to give meaning to their life. By honouring this form of authentic control rather than a control via acquiescent consent or accept it or leave it culture we enable fulfillment and empowerment of the persons dignity. Being a resident in a nursing home may conjure conceptions of a twisted and limited self, and is destructive of autonomy. This is partly because the environment is thick with congruity and thin with community (Jeffery 2001); and partly because decision making is made nearly obsolete. The desire to control is moderated by the self-realization of the possibility of not being able to process all the relevant information: as the person psychologically shrinks, so too does their autonomy and self faith. Further, someone faced with a life shock can find their autonomy impaired in that they find themselves in a dramatically different world where previous life plans have no meaning and even stable values disappear (Jeffery 2001). In such settings autonomy becomes about the ability to make meaningful choices. An older person may not be able to carry out what they decide, but they are able to recognize commitments and to be themselves (Jeffery, 2001). As partners in end-of-life care, aged care staff must take into account such ethical dilemmas as autonomy and intergenerational tension in the way physical care is given; by focusing on presence, meaningful experience, journeying together, listening, connecting, creating openings, and engaging in reciprocal sharing.  Affirmative relationships support residents, enabling them to respond to their spiritual needs. Barriers to appropriate palliative care include lack of time, personal, cultural or institutional factors, and professional educational needs.  By addressing these, we may make an important contribution to the improvement of patient care towards the end of life.

The Power of Biofeedback Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Mind Over Matter: The use of Biofeedback to control stress, pain, and other bothersome problems Having a bad day? Well, I am. I have too much work to do, like always, but I want and have to graduate. I think I'm happy about that, about putting an end to all the pressure I have felt in these last four years. Then again I am not sure what to think. I will miss my friends, especially all those people with whom I was briefly acquainted and liked enough to sense the possibility of friendship but will never know now. On top of these worries are more general fears of the uncertainty of the next few years, not to mention the rest of my life. Going home to a place I've never really liked simply because I can't think of anything better to do scares me; the possibility of getting stuck there scares me even more. I need to find a job. I need to find a career. I want to go to graduate school at some point, but my grades after this semester will not make admission easy. Needless to say, there is a lot on my mind. This morning I went in for a doctor's appointment, just a quick check-up becaus e I've been sick. As is routine, the nurse took my blood pressure. Then she turned and frowned at me. Seems that the pressure I'm under is not just weighing down on my mind. My body is responding to my higher level worries by sending my blood slamming through me with alarming force. We like to think of stress as a purely higher level function which only effects us on that level, and generally ignore the effects it might have on us on a more biological as opposed to psychological level, i.e. on the level of our voluntary and autonomic response systems. We hear Doctors on TV and DJs on NPR warning us that stress can kill, but we disregard them until we see ... ...y and promise of a more complete understanding of just what our minds can do. Perhaps the nurseÕs frown is a needed wake up call. I may feel like my life is out of control, but the one thing I always do is think positive. It will not only improve my mental state, but my physical well being as well. Besides, things are looking up; I've just finished another paper. References: From Medline: (1) www.healthy.net (2) www.healthy.net/hwlibraryarticles/biofeedback/biofeedbackwhatis.htm (3) www.healthy.net/hwlibraryarticles/mindbodyconnectio/mbbiofeed.htm (4) www.healthy.net/hwlibrarybooks/mind.htm From Neuroguide: (5) www.aapb.org/index.htm (6) www.biof.com/biofeedbackdef.html (7) www.biof.com/lsfaq.html (8) freud.tan.ac.il/~biosee/msr.html (9) freud.tan.ac.il/~biosee/defin.html (10) freud.tan.ac.il/~biosee/prob.html The Power of Biofeedback Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers Mind Over Matter: The use of Biofeedback to control stress, pain, and other bothersome problems Having a bad day? Well, I am. I have too much work to do, like always, but I want and have to graduate. I think I'm happy about that, about putting an end to all the pressure I have felt in these last four years. Then again I am not sure what to think. I will miss my friends, especially all those people with whom I was briefly acquainted and liked enough to sense the possibility of friendship but will never know now. On top of these worries are more general fears of the uncertainty of the next few years, not to mention the rest of my life. Going home to a place I've never really liked simply because I can't think of anything better to do scares me; the possibility of getting stuck there scares me even more. I need to find a job. I need to find a career. I want to go to graduate school at some point, but my grades after this semester will not make admission easy. Needless to say, there is a lot on my mind. This morning I went in for a doctor's appointment, just a quick check-up becaus e I've been sick. As is routine, the nurse took my blood pressure. Then she turned and frowned at me. Seems that the pressure I'm under is not just weighing down on my mind. My body is responding to my higher level worries by sending my blood slamming through me with alarming force. We like to think of stress as a purely higher level function which only effects us on that level, and generally ignore the effects it might have on us on a more biological as opposed to psychological level, i.e. on the level of our voluntary and autonomic response systems. We hear Doctors on TV and DJs on NPR warning us that stress can kill, but we disregard them until we see ... ...y and promise of a more complete understanding of just what our minds can do. Perhaps the nurseÕs frown is a needed wake up call. I may feel like my life is out of control, but the one thing I always do is think positive. It will not only improve my mental state, but my physical well being as well. Besides, things are looking up; I've just finished another paper. References: From Medline: (1) www.healthy.net (2) www.healthy.net/hwlibraryarticles/biofeedback/biofeedbackwhatis.htm (3) www.healthy.net/hwlibraryarticles/mindbodyconnectio/mbbiofeed.htm (4) www.healthy.net/hwlibrarybooks/mind.htm From Neuroguide: (5) www.aapb.org/index.htm (6) www.biof.com/biofeedbackdef.html (7) www.biof.com/lsfaq.html (8) freud.tan.ac.il/~biosee/msr.html (9) freud.tan.ac.il/~biosee/defin.html (10) freud.tan.ac.il/~biosee/prob.html

Examine the factors which explain the differences between economic Essa

Examine the factors which explain the differences between economic growth rates in countries. Economic growth is the long term increase in productive capacity as shown by an outward shift on a PPF curve. The PPF shows the maximum potential output of the economy. Productive capacity is an economies ability to produce goods and services, so if an economy grows, it can produce more goods and services for the population of the economy to use. Differences in Economic growth in countries result due to many factors, such as land and its resources. The amount of land a country possesses, and all the natural resources it finds on the land can affect the amount of output. For example, Saudi Arabia has experienced very high growth rates due to the richly endowed lands which contain much oil. In this developing economy, the oil exploitation was vital for its growth. Some 3rd world countries are so poor, and lack such growth as Saudi Arabia, because they have insufficient land, or insufficient resources to produce goods and have a higher output, and therefore have a higher economic growth. Another supply side factor determining the growth rate of countries is labour, i.e. the number of workers in an economy. More workers mean more output, so should lead to economic growth. Growth rates in different countries may differ due to population differences, as an economy with a higher population, will have a larger workforce. Some countries have immigration laws which can help increase economic growth. For example, an economy can employ migrant labour, by allowing migrants into the country only if they are educated, and in a position to work. This includes only letting younger people into the country, so that there are... ..., and experiences high growth rates. China, one of the fastest growing countries, also concentrates strongly on educating people at a young age. Another factor influencing growth is the significance of international trade. In countries that don’t participate in international trade, such as , there is very slow or no economic growth. This is because it is very hard for one economy to produce all goods which people require. It is better to specialise in a few goods, use them, sell the surplus, and use the money to buy other goods from other economies, rather than the economy to produce everything itself, which is very inefficient. In this country, there is a much slower rate of economic growth compared to other countries. So altogether, there are many factors influencing economic growth, and this leads to different growth rates in different countries.

Male Friendship :: essays research papers

What is a friend? Maybe they are people who will listen to you, or people who you can boss around all the time, or maybe even just people who don’t have to do anything but sit with you at lunch. As Asher put it, â€Å"‘Friends are important sources of companionship and recreations, share advice and valued possessions, serve as trusted confidants and critics, act as loyal allies, and provide stability in times of stress or transition†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (qtd. in Dolich 1) Even in the beginning, when man was first created and put in the Garden of Eden to work the ground, there was a need for friendship and companionship. As God says while watching Adam work, â€Å"‘it is not good for man to be alone. I will make a companion for him.’† (qtd. in Adam†¦2:18). From the rib of Adam, God created Eve who was to be Adams companion forever. Do we even need this companionship, and if so is it important? As a recent poll of high school students shows, forty percent believe that friends are very important to them. While only ten percent believe that friends weren’t that important at all. Sixty percent of those questioned said that if their friends were to change and become more popular, then they would change themselves as well just to fit in and keep the friends they had (survey 2005). As one of these students points out, â€Å"Well it’s better than being alone all the time, this way at least you have someone to hangout wit h and talk to†(interview 2005). So in a day and age when teenagers especially are known for trying to act as individuals, we can see that in most cases people are the products of the influences put on them by their friends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Artwork whether it is a painting, a drawing, or photograph; is a big way to express the importance of friendship. The photograph Be a True Friend, shows two male friends. Out at night, in a boat, not doing much but rowing. Along with this photograph is a caption saying, â€Å"the only way to have a friend is to be one† (Be a True Friend). From the caption, as well as the picture itself, you get the impression that these two people who aren’t doing anything but rowing, are great friends. You get the feeling that they don’t have to do anything but be there for one another, and because they are there for one another they are the greatest of friends. Male Friendship :: essays research papers What is a friend? Maybe they are people who will listen to you, or people who you can boss around all the time, or maybe even just people who don’t have to do anything but sit with you at lunch. As Asher put it, â€Å"‘Friends are important sources of companionship and recreations, share advice and valued possessions, serve as trusted confidants and critics, act as loyal allies, and provide stability in times of stress or transition†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (qtd. in Dolich 1) Even in the beginning, when man was first created and put in the Garden of Eden to work the ground, there was a need for friendship and companionship. As God says while watching Adam work, â€Å"‘it is not good for man to be alone. I will make a companion for him.’† (qtd. in Adam†¦2:18). From the rib of Adam, God created Eve who was to be Adams companion forever. Do we even need this companionship, and if so is it important? As a recent poll of high school students shows, forty percent believe that friends are very important to them. While only ten percent believe that friends weren’t that important at all. Sixty percent of those questioned said that if their friends were to change and become more popular, then they would change themselves as well just to fit in and keep the friends they had (survey 2005). As one of these students points out, â€Å"Well it’s better than being alone all the time, this way at least you have someone to hangout wit h and talk to†(interview 2005). So in a day and age when teenagers especially are known for trying to act as individuals, we can see that in most cases people are the products of the influences put on them by their friends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Artwork whether it is a painting, a drawing, or photograph; is a big way to express the importance of friendship. The photograph Be a True Friend, shows two male friends. Out at night, in a boat, not doing much but rowing. Along with this photograph is a caption saying, â€Å"the only way to have a friend is to be one† (Be a True Friend). From the caption, as well as the picture itself, you get the impression that these two people who aren’t doing anything but rowing, are great friends. You get the feeling that they don’t have to do anything but be there for one another, and because they are there for one another they are the greatest of friends.

Jules Cheret

Jules Cheret, a name synonymous to the Art Nouveau movement of the late 19th century, was born in 1836 in Paris into a humble family of typographers and artisans. Thus, creativity and aesthetic awareness were instilled in him as the household that he grew up in was one that was conducive to ingenuity and experimentation. Cheret invested the early years of his youth, receiving art training under a three-year apprenticeship with a lithographer, followed by drawing lessons in the evening under the French artist Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran.As a young student, he absorbed and learnt a lot from some of the works of famous painters in the Louvre and other museums. Thus by the age of 18, Cheret’s unique artistic flair became noticeable and he was able to earn a simple living selling designs and illustrations to customers, most of whom were music producers. Cheret travelled to London in 1854, where he was exposed to the advanced techniques of lithography which not only awed him, but al so inspired him to improve his art by getting at par with the technological advancements of the time.Upon returning to Paris in 1858, Cheret induced that pictorial lithographic posters were the future of graphic design, but he found it extremely suffocating because none of the advertisers were convinced by this. He received his first stroke of luck in the form of a commission for a poster advertising Jacques Offenbach's operetta Orpheus in the Underworld. Thwarted when this failed to prompt more commissions, Cheret returned to London where he spent the next seven years evolving his lithography expertise, and consequently imbibing the British style of poster design and printing.During this time period, Cheret worked for Cramer publishers where he made illustrations, designed book covers and posters for music halls, theatres, cabarets, and circuses. Upon returning to Paris in 1866, Cheret’s friend introduced him to perfume manufacturer Eugene Rimmel, for whom he began designing perfume packaging. This collaboration, lead to Rimmel aiding the young designer in establishing his commercial color lithographic shop.Cheret was revolutionary for poster design, as he altered the age old lithography technique by formulating a process which made printing more cost effective, with high quality colors- which were a colossal contribution to the development of graphic design. Jules Cheret from that juncture went on to become a significant figure in graphic-design history, and the principal artist to make his reputation in the medium of poster art. He is attributed for enhancing the aesthetic nature of posters, y bequeathing it with flowing elegant designs and transforming it into an independent decorative art form. An ardent admirer and depicter of the female form in his posters, Jules Cheret’s subjects became so popular that the Parisians dubbed them ‘Cherrettses’. It was because of his patronage of this genre and the painters associated with it; f or the promotion of whom he published his book entitled Masters of the Poster ; that he began to be known as the ‘father of the Belle Epoque poster’.Jean-Honore Fragonard and Antoine Watteau, were renowned names from the Rococo movement. The frivolity depicted in their works influenced Cheret’s work most deeply, which is why we see this sense of fun and enjoyment of trivialities in the posters designed by him. The most prominent aspect of his poster Carnival 1986 is the contrast in colour of the man and woman. This use of such a dramatic shadow effect exudes immense mystery in the man, and inadvertently prompts the viewer to assume that it’s a possible reflection of the role he plays in this theatrical production.The colour green of the dress contributes in making the ‘Charett’ the focal point. This is also particularly so because the light green has been placed against a stark bright orange so the lighter colour is up lifted. . The orange and green come together to create great dramatic contrast and contributes to the eyes moving. Interestingly enough though, the brighter colour does not become the overriding force, instead it is the lighter colours placed on top that attract attention, such as the white of the fan and the green of the dress.The flowing dress and the angularity of her body posture all contribute towards achieving such a focal point. The tilted head and face looking directly at the viewers is immensely captivating. On a closer look one notices that there is a woman in between the two central characters, who is partially touched by the light that shines on the protagonists of the scene- her body isolated from the physical splendour of the two main characters. This could be taken to represent some trio or three way relationship which could be the dramatic aspect this story.Thus giving out a short teaser through the design of the poster to entice the interest of the onlooker too becomes one of the most pote nt aspects of poster designing for operas, plays and performances. This inadvertently leads me to ponder over how poster design requires a lot of understanding of the audience’s psyche and how exactly to manipulate it. The woman in the forefront is also the focal point because her skin is much lighter than the others, which inadvertently takes the viewers’ attention to her first.She is also in a vulnerable seated position, which symbolizes femininity and easiness, perhaps with a sexual connotation. The angle of the hand undeniably invites the viewer in to the composition most effectively. He has employed the use of decorative serif fonts in his heading to give his posters a formal and elegant feel- but details of the play have been written in sans serif to ensure clarity in reading. This understanding of and consequent justice to the choice of fonts is fascinating. Fonts most popular employed by Cheret were Antiqua and Bernhard Antiqua and Bernhard Fraktur.Jules Cheret ’s Loie Fuller poster for the Folies Bergeres is very characteristic of his style of design. The work space is dominated by a central figure of vibrant splendor engulfed by vivid gushing colors and beautiful swirling drapery. This poster is an iconic addition to his range of elated, graceful and energetic women- for which aptly dubbed ‘Cherettes' by the Parisians. Jules’ masterstroke of success can be attributed to these women that he showed in his posters- their low-cut bodices and exaggerated postures lead to his instant success.He used his ‘Cherettes’ to advertise anything from beverages and alcohol, perfumes, soaps, cosmetics to pharmaceutical products. Eventually he was promoting railway companies as well as a series of manufacturing businesses. The use of color and its understanding is brilliant, and here Cheret’s signature use of the colors orange and green are very evident. Jules Cheret possessed a magnificent palette of great chromati c intensity. The colors used by him in the overlap in his signature sophisticated and resolved manner.But using different tones of green and orange together definitely contribute to making it a very dynamic composition but with an intrinsic softness to it. The color starting from the light green on the top frill of the dress and gradually building up to the bright orange at the bottom left contributes immensely to eye movement as the colors aid it and let is travel most effortlessly. The flow in the strokes of the dress is so unrestricted still it contributes in bringing out the form and posture of the girl.The angle of the ‘Cherette’s’ posture invites the eye and allows it to tour the poster. The curve of the top dress brings the viewer in, going down to the tilt of the head, to the angularity of the head stylization of the figure is such that it gives this 2D form a very 3D feel to it as if the girl is going to emerge from the poster with her dress flowing. One very striking aspect of Jules Cheret’s is the dynamics of Cheret’s workspace- Jules has the brilliance to do justice to his given work space and to not let the colossal size of his posters become an impediment.In this poster, he played with a solitary figure and minimal text, but still did not ignore any space, leaving it to be perceived as static or idle- he does immense justice to the tools at his disposal. It is a strongly articulated poster which was envisioned to be appealing to those viewing it. Jules Cheret was in the good books of critics as he was fortunate to have them be very responsive to the work he produced. It was said that his work was ‘innovative, alive, a breath of fresh air’.He invented specific character types such as the â€Å"happy clown†, which is a large size painting that he made in 1881, but even as early as the 1860s, we see him employing the exact same clown image on the left middle of his poster ‘Concert des Ambas sedeurs’. Cheret’s mastery for color is worth noting. Over the course of analyzing these four posters, one realizes that he has the unique ability to play with color in a manner of showing the matt quality of soft hair, and the glossy hard technique which he is employing in this piece.Harold Hutchinson writes in â€Å"The Poster: An Illustrated History From 1860† that Jules Cheret realized ‘a poster did not have to show product; it merely had to produce â€Å"a reaction of amusement, curiosity, excitement or some positive feeling which will help make the right points,† to make a product sell’. Which is what he has very intelligently achieved in this poster – the presence of the girl and the clown would instigate a curiosity as to what this function may contain, but details of it are not dogmatically given out.This particular poster emanates a sense of ‘refined vulgarity’, which is a paradox on its own. Cheret’s post er distinctive characteristic is often the ‘violent curves’ of the female form. It can be analyzed in such a manner because in spite the fact that Cheret used women as the primary focus of his posters, their sensuality was presented in a more evolved and elevated manner unlike the posters designed in the arts and crafts movement. But as an analysis point, I believe that more than liberating the woman, Cheret created a fantasy of provocative beauty.This inadvertently was an unhealthy way to commence advertising. This poster is an apt example of Cheret’s sensuous ‘Cherettes’. Jules’ exploration of form, especially giving it this animated quality really distinguished him as the pioneer of poster art. This is an apt title for him, particularly because he was able to master the art of establishing unity between texts and images perfectly- the weight, font size and type all complement each other and the image so well.Cheret almost always employs the use of a single prominent figure, which dominates maximum of the workspace and like here; the girl in red dominates how the entire poster is laid out. This figure becomes the central feature that the rest of the characters and the text then need to co relate to. Alongside that, floral motifs are subtly often used by Cheret because he was someone very inspired by the beauty of nature. Thus in this poster too the girl in white in the background has a flower on her dress and the one in red in the forefront organic form/design on her dress. Elysse, montmartre bal masque’, was a poster for the masked ball held the Palace theatre- designed 1881. This poster is an apt example of the similarity between the painting style of James Ensor and those of the lithographic advertisements being designed by Jules Cheret. The two artists shared the innate qualities of working on a large scale, experimenting with bright colors and ‘caricaturel linearity’. It encompasses the eleganc e of the French and their carefree grace. In this poster, Cheret’s play with angles isn’t as lively as what he’s capable of.But still this diagonal slant binds in with the feel and message of the poster. Deliberate harmonious gestures contribute to the dance like quality which turns this mundane poster in to a masterpiece executed with superb technique and flatness of color. Cheret is a genius when it comes to color; here he is gently fading away background creating a very dynamic sense even though the foreground has a lot of character and agility. The light in this poster is intense but not yet harsh, it falls gently on the girl and her soft hair, enhancing the shape of her body and accentuating the colors around her too.Jules Cheret signature style was his free hand lettering, which had a very theatrical airy style to it. He used large fonts, and black outlined his caricature like linear figures here which make each poster such a unique work of art. Cheretâ₠¬â„¢s posters not only sold product but sold an image of ideal woman and ideal life style. With the advent of the Industrial revolution, people’s living standards were improving thus they were susceptible to being affected by the lifestyle that he depicted.

Leadership & Power

MCOM200 Management Communication GROUP REPORT 2008 b MCOM231- 08(A) Group Report: Leadership, Power & Influence. {draw:frame} Which form of power has the best influence on effective leadership? Word count: 2,746 Executive Summary Leadership, power and influence is a theme within management that is constantly developing overtime. Leaders are continuously developing new and innovative ways to empower their followers in order to get the best out of them. For the purpose of this report, we have decided to look at the assumption that leadership is based on the different types of relationships between people, rather than the skills and abilities of just one person. We know this theory allows for a network of interaction of people from all walks of life, it has the ability to shape these people through the influence and power of the leader. So the objective behind this report was to examine the forms of power and the relationships of these different power forms relative to leader effectiveness. There are five sources of power that are commonly referred to when describing leadership approaches to their followers. This report outlines these different approaches with supporting evidence gathered from successful New Zealand leaders. They demonstrated the challenges that they have faced and how they have overcome these obstacles through the use of leadership, power and influence. Table of Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Literature review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Method †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Results & Di scussion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Conclusion & Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 Appendices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 24 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Introduction As a group we have decided on the theme Leadership, Power and Influence as basis for this report with our key focus being that of  "Which form of ‘power’ has the best influence on effective leadership? This strand of management is an essential element of any and all organisations and runs right to the core. We were aware that in order for us to be able to understand effective leadership we would essentially need to analyse the multifarious network of power relationships and influence processes in organisations. For the purpose of our report we have decided to specifically look firstly at the concepts of power, influence and leadership as a partnership. Then, at the five different forms of power, commonly used by leaders today. We will identify and explain each one individually, then go on recognise the role of leadership power exercised by leaders from the Royal Society leadership website (RSNZ) and acknowledge commonalities and differences between them. Research shows that referent power often results in subordinate loyalty to the leader and in most cases this is the most effective form of leadership, however, the effectiveness of any power depends upon the skill and appropriateness with which it is used. Leaders should exercise authority politely and clearly and verify compliance. Yukl, & Taber 1983) All sources of power come with flaws, however, many have aspects of leadership that work well within certain organisations. This report will voice our personal opinion on which source of power we believe to be the most effective at influencing followers in a positive way that enables the leaders to get the most out of those who follow them. Literature Review Of the literature we have reviewed there are commo n themes and approaches in relation to power and leadership. Many leaders are now finding that there is a diminishing use of power relating to their position/rank. The traditional power that derives from one’s position in a hierarchy has been lost. But in its place, a very different kind of leadership power has begun to emerge. This new power is rooted in a leader’s personal values and convictions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Acting from the centre) McShane and Travaglione refer to this type of power as ‘Legitimate power’. It has been said that â€Å"today’s leaders must rely on core values to keep the organization centred and balanced† (acting from the centre), perhaps this is why a traditional approach of leaders relying solely on their position to influence followers no longer stands for much today. Leaders must adopt a strategy that in turn gains the respect of followers by leading through exemplary behaviour and standing for values that are communicated openly and often with others. â€Å"John Gillespie, former CEO and vice president of operations at Innovation Luggage, Secaucus, says the following: â€Å"I found that if I wanted people to follow me, I had to be the first person to take risks and work without a safety net under me†. (Acting from the centre) It is through actions such as this that leaders gain the respect of followers and in turn gain what is known as ‘referent power’. McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 359). Like many other leaders, Don Makie, vice president of quality assurance, has had to face the following question: â€Å"how can they (leaders) help others in the organization evolve so that they, too, reflect and embody those values? † (Acting from the centre) This tie's in with the ideas of referent and expert power; when followers hold respect for a leader they are more willing to believe in their expertise and ideas, â€Å"leaders empower their followers† (Hackman & Johnson, 2009). Makie believes in this concept of respect and gaining referent power over followers. As a leader he personally looked â€Å"for managers who wanted to get on the shop floor, communicate with people and learn†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦he believes â€Å"you can’t manage change from a distance†. (Acting from the centre) Referent power can be linked to a concept such as ‘value-centred leadership’. â€Å"Value-centred leaders look within and guide their actions accordingly†. Acting from the centre) â€Å"Essentially, this is about earning the right and respect to lead through direct individual involvement and action† (Kouzers, J. M. , & Posner, B. Z. , 2002). Leaders who put this concept into practice are said to have a leadership style that â€Å"is grounded in the beliefs† they hold to â€Å"make decisions about people and strategy†. (Acting from the centre) Values are derived knowing they will develop the organization not hinder it. These valu es should then be turned into actions i. e. walking the talk’, and making it known to your employees that â€Å"you’re not offering†¦a cure-all that represents the â€Å"right† way or the â€Å"safe† way to do things. You simply have chosen to lead with these values in the face of uncertainty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Acting from the centre) An opposing view suggests power is just merely an image. â€Å"Powerful people are not born powerful. Rather, powerful people have a talent for dramatizing, communicating, using, and exploiting whatever resources they process. Being powerful is a skill†. The power image) If a leader only has ‘skills’ that make them appear to be powerful, people will eventually see straight through this and they will not view them as legitimate leader nor will they respect them. Therefore this ‘leader’ will not really have any legitimate power to fall back on or use to positively influence followers. Leaders that hold power such as that of the referent, legitimate and expert types can be categorized as being socialized and authentic leaders. â€Å"Socialized and authentic leaders†¦are other-oriented and work to empower followers in an effort to achieve collective goals†. Journal of business ethics) Common themes within this literature favour such leaders that gain the respect of followers and in turn hold power that they use in a positive way. Unlike those leaders who abuse their authortative position, and rely on coercive power to â€Å"gain respect through instilling fear†. (The power image) It is appears that those leaders who are ‘socialized and authentic’ achieve much more success as they are able to get followers onside and work toward a common vision. Method To gather the necessary information required for this report, we were to research online on the RSNZ website, (http:// rsnz. leadership. org) to find the seven video interviews of well-known New Zealand leaders, to hear their discussions and thoughts on leadership. This method required us to watch all seven videos and take notes on the parts we felt may be relevant for our report. In a group of six, it made sense to delegate the tasks of video watching down to easy manageable parts, for everyone to complete in their own time and bring back to the group at a later date. We had one group member assigned to research and present a discussion on all the different forms of leadership and provide two video examples from the RSNZ website, other members were delegated two interviews each and asked to choose which form of leader their person was and to write about it, giving detailed examples, a final member f the group was responsible for the writing the introduction, executive summary, and literature review and all other bits and pieces to tie the report in as one. When all the assigned roles were completed we meet as a group to piece them together in an appreciate way that followed well together. Results and Discussion It is important to note that with the constant evolution of our society, leadership has become more significant than ever before. In any organisation that has been created by people there has always been a struggle for power as it is a great element that affects human reality. As civilization becomes more complex and dynamic the traditional conception of power becomes insufficient Leadership is impossible without power since a leader must modify attitudes and behaviours. Yet influencing others does not automatically qualify as leadership; power must be used in pursuit of group goals to merit leadership classification. Hackman & Johnson, 2004, p 136). Influence, on the other hand is â€Å"the capacity or power of persons or things to be a compelling force on or produce effects on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc. , of others† (Dictionary. Com, 2008). The success of an influence attempt can be distinguished among qualitatively distinct outcomes, commit ment, compliance or resistance. If success results in commitment, then the decision or request has been agreed upon and is carried out or decision implemented effectively. This is similar to compliance, an outcome in which a subordinate is willing to carry out the task but is more lethargic than enthusiastic about it. The flipside to this is resistance. This occurs when the task is rejected; the subordinate or follower is opposed to carrying out the request or action. This is also referred to as counter-power. The concept of ‘power’ itself is fairly broad. It is a mysterious phenomenon that will be experienced by most at some stage, at least once, in a lifetime. The most basic prerequisite of power is that one person or group believes it is dependent on another person or group for something of value. Thus power exists when others believe that someone controls resources that they want. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 356). Power can be defined as: â€Å"possession of controlling influence†. It is only the capacity of a person, team or organization to influence others; it is not limited exclusively to leaders and managers. I think it important to mention authority at this stage, this is power vested in a specific position, and is therefore exclusive to that position. Power is not the act of changing others attitudes or behaviour; it is only the potential to do so. Power is derived from five sources: Legitimate, Reward, Coercive, Expert, and; Referent. Leaders throughout the world are very diverse and with that come many ways to lead, each with their own styles and attributes, sometimes based on one’s culture and other characteristics. There have been many discussions in the past about which the best way to lead is, and which source of power will get the best out of followers and still encourage them to strive to perform better. Expert Power is power that â€Å"originates from within the person, not the position, it contrast with legitimate power. It is an individual’s or work unit’s capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that the others value. Demonstrating practical knowledge and skills can also build expert power. For this reason, members of an organization often have little legitimate power but a great deal of expert power. † (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 359). Barbara Kuriger is a leader who exhibits this â€Å"expert power†. As â€Å"a former member of the Fonterra Shareholders Council, Barbara has chaired the LIC National Council and has had 20 years of involvement with Sharemilker of the year and the Dairy Industry Awards†. (www. dairynz. co. nz) has a lot of experience within the dairy industry due to her involvement and various leadership roles over the years. It is because of this she holds such power over other individuals in terms of the respect and admiration they may hold for her skills, work ethic and achievements. Barbara affirms that â€Å"If you believe in something strong enough and you can convince other people that it’s a good idea then they’ll come on board with that process†¦ † Maybe a lot of the success Barbara has encountered as a leader has been due to her ability to gain the respect of people through implementing expert power to convince others that what she believes in will work. Another commonly enforced source of power is that of Referent power. We recognize this power within leaders we can see that others identify with them, like them or otherwise respect them. As with expert power, referent power comes from within the person. It is largely a function of the person’s interpersonal skills and usually develops slowly. It is often associated with charismatic leadership. Charisma can be defined as a form of interpersonal attraction whereby followers develop a respect for and trust in the charismatic individual. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 359). Graeme Milne is a prominent figure in the New Zealand dairy industry, and a great example of the use of referent power. He has been involved in the industry as CEO of various organizations like NZ dairy board and Fonterra for over thirty years and has a lot of experience in managing and growing companies in this industry. This power by which he chooses to lead comes from within himself, it is a function of his interpersonal skills developed over the years as CEO and his success he has displayed in these various organizations. His experience and capability has created a sense of respect from his employees who identify with him and like him as their leader. His referent power is also derived from treating his employee’s right. Graeme believes that management is about managing the resources, and people are the essence of resource management. Therefore if you treat people right by acknowledging their contribution to the success of the organization and giving them credit, you will get the best out of them, and you will be a successful leader by utilizing the best that your employees has to offer. Paul Spicer’s management and leadership style of Norsewear clothing is also that of referent. When asked how he managed the process he says: â€Å"when I looked at my background it wasn’t that I had all the answers†¦ nd I often say†¦ not everyone even knows the questions let alone the answers†¦ but I understood the issues and I wanted to share my knowledge†¦ I didn’t dictate the process, so much as shared my dream†¦ and tried to build a team, and you turn what starts off as probably a large percentage of negativity into the positives† (Paul Spicer, 2007). This humb le and modest leadership approach demonstrates how Paul would have gained the respect and loyal following of his fellow workers through referent power. Referent power develops over time. Paul Spicer has demonstrated a desire for referent power from the very beginning. â€Å"I always thought if I ever got into a position of authority I would always try very hard to relate to the people that made the difference and be one of them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Paul Spicer, 2007). Spicer has followed through with this personal value, when he became CEO of Norsewear he took made this evident. â€Å"I started by having a lunch for the whole factory and we’d attend that every month and we’d give an honest appraisal of where we’re at, how we were going, where we felt we were going and what was good and bad about the business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . All the staffs have freedom to speak†¦I always thought it was great to have so much input from the team at every level†. (Paul Spicer, 2007) This respect has spread to his employees and into the very essence of the garments Norsewear produces. Spicer believes in his business and products, he emphasises: â€Å"Theyâ€⠄¢re items that I think need to be made here. If we were to make this offshore then it would lose all its impact and all its integrity†¦ this is 100% New Zealand made, and is very important†. (Paul Spicer, 2007) Reward power is another form of power demonstrated by leaders such as Sir. Angus Tait and Kingi Smiler. It is derived from the person’s ability to control the allocation of rewards valued by others and to remove negative sanctions. Managers have formal authority that gives them power over the distribution of organizational rewards such as pay, promotions, time off, holiday schedules and work assignments. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 358). Reward power relates to the power leaders hold in rewarding their followers E. g. employees. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 358). Sir Angus Tait paid a girl and persuaded her to leave her university and take a special job. Reward power is an efficient and effective way to persuade other people, because people will get motivation from the reward and find their own values. Reward power also can set up a tighter relationship between employers and employees. A suitable reward will encourage trust for the leader amongst followers. However, reward power can also bring problems, as people begin to focus on the reward not performance. Some people may also resort to negative means in order to gain a reward. Sir Angus Tait uses reward power effectively through his mutual loyalty with staffs. Kingi Smiler and John Luxton both combine reward and referent power to empower their employees. Story telling is one way Smiler gives his employees reference. Though the stories enable staff to have a reference point with Smiler, it takes a long time to get collective stories and it is not easy to get every potential follower on board, as everyone has different opinions etc. Referent power is often associated with interpersonal attraction whereby employees develop a value and trust in the charismatic individual. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007). Smiler’s second form of power is that of reward power. He hereby encourages followers to get involved in different activities outside their business so they gain more experience that they can implement and put into practice. He also offers scholarships to support employees for helping them to shape and encourage their motivation. Such forms of power encourage those who are eager to gain more skills or capabilities. John Luxton was previously working in Public Service and didn’t find working there quite motivating and stimulating; as nobody was bothered about the effort being put by an individual. People didn’t recognise that he was putting in more effort than what he was being paid. He considers rewarding people for their output very essential. People respond to incentives whether it is monetary incentive or just an acknowledgement by leaders that one is doing a good job. It is not necessary to criticise them when they have done a poor job, but a leader should provide constructive feedback and encouraging them to do a better job next time. Annah Stretton is an Inspirational fashion designer and founder of Annah Stretton Clothing Company, Annah S is an influential figure in the New Zealand fashion industry. Her strong will and precise nature, has caused her to be labelled a bitch and her â€Å"it’ll do† attitude at times hasn't been received well by workers as they become frustrated and annoyed. A form of leadership style Annah Stretton practices occasionally is ‘sea gull management’; it describes a leader who would fly in and shit on everyone then leaves. â€Å"(Tony Hope, 2008). In other words the leader expects their employees to be as capable as they are and can be seen to expect others to do things beyond their capability, and if they are not up to their standard they generally impose negative reinforcements such as reducing status. This practise can be seen as coercive power, is the ability to apply punishment or to give negative reinforcements. Examples of coercion range from reducing status, salary, and benefits to requiring others to do something they don't like. In the most extreme form, coercive power translates into brute physical force. (Hackman & Johnson, 2004,). Annah Stretton's sea gull management can be seen as coercive power because she would expect her employees to do things beyond their capability and has occasionally fired those whom, she believes are not up to the standards she sets for employees within her organisation. James Milton along with his wife runs their family business Milton Wineries. He recounts his meeting with a winegrower in France. He had a beautiful winery and a well maintained cellar and his staff were quite friendly as well. Milton was amazed at how well the French winegrower managed it and enquired about the secret behind his success. He described his leadership style by the metaphor of carrot, whip and good restaurants. By carrot he meant that his cellar was an inspirational sought after place to work whip and good restaurants. Good restaurants-At the end of the harvest season he would take his staff to different restaurants in Paris to show how the customers appreciated the wine. Whip referred that he had a clear direction about how he wanted everything done. In order to maintain the superior quality of his product, he used his authority and ordered his employees to do work his way. This leadership style links with legitimate power which is an agreement between organizational members that people in certain roles can request certain behaviours of others. This perceived right comes from job descriptions as well as informal rules of conduct. Executives have considerate legitimate power, but all employees also have this power based on company rules and government laws. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 357) Conclusion and Recommendations Leadership involves the use of various forms of power to exert influence over others. Different leaders have different approaches to the use of power depending on the situation and the individual. The report has discovered that out of the five forms of powers, referent power was the best, as it is a form of power derived from the leader himself rather than from his position. Referent power draws respect from the follows through the charisma of the leader. However, this form of power is developed overtime, and cannot be given through the authorities, thus it differs to legitimate power where the power was given to the person in the position. In our report Graeme Milne was referred to as a leader from the RSNZ website who has demonstrated a good use of referent power. Graeme demonstrated the use of this power in leadership through his experience as CEO over thirty years. Reward power often compliments referent power. It is important to note that this should not be abused and should be used not as a bribe, but to reinforce desirable behaviours after they occur. (Yukl, & Taber, 1983) Recommendation Based on the report, referent power is the best sustainable form of power to exert over employees. This is effective because once you've gained it through hard work and ‘walking the talk', then your followers should always respect you; and be willing to work towards a common goal. A leader must accumulate and foster expert power and referent power over time by showing himself to be confident, decisive, considerate, and protective of subordinates' interests. Yukl, & Taber, 1983). In short, it all comes back to the golden rule that you should do unto others that you would have them do unto you. If you are going to lead under â€Å"seagull management† then chances are that that there will be a lack of loyalty from your subordinates. Whilst this may still get the job done, it is not the most eff ective way to get the most out of your followers. Appendices Appendix 1 – Blog 1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 2 – Blog 2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 3 – Blog 3 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 4 – Personal Reflection: D. Frederikson †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 5 Personal Reflection: S. Gledhill†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 6 Personal Reflection: L. Norman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 7 – Personal Reflection: D. Yiyang Zhang †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Appendix 8 – Personal Reflection: D. Pathak†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Appendix 1 Blog 1 ? THE GENUINE ANGEL VS THE WAR CRIMINAL Sarah Gledhill Posted @ 19/08/2008 7:29 p. m. As a group we found Oprah Winfrey to be a superior leader who inspires trust amongst her loyal followers. Like many other leaders before her, Oprah has had an intriguing life, through her many hardships she has overcome o bstacles and emerged as a positive and compassionate leader. It is not hard to see why she has been named â€Å"the world’s most powerful woman† by CNN & Time. com Her accomplishments and achievements have had a great impact on a diverse range of followers worldwide. Some of the many ways Oprah touches the hearts of these people is through her talk show, O The Oprah Mag, Oprah. com, plus her involvement in numerous charities, such as the Oprah Angel network. This is a charity â€Å"aimed at encouraging people around the world to make a difference in the lives of underprivileged others†; Oprah clearly uses her leadership ability to encourage and inspire others to follow in her footsteps. Winfrey’s genuine quality and love for helping others is also evident in the creation of the Oprah Winfrey Leadership academy for Girls, in South Africa. Her passion behind this stemmed from a desire â€Å"to†¦ give children exposure and opportunity and nurture them to understand their own power and possibility†. (Oprah) With reference to a previous blog (Presley Purcell’s), we agree with this group’s discussion about Branson’s ideas toward leadership. He states that â€Å"having a personality of caring about people is important; you can’t be a leader unless you generally like people. That is how you bring out the best in people. † This group also acknowledges that Branson views his employees as part of his extended family. Similarly, Oprah expresses this value in regard to the girls attending her academy, describing them as â€Å"her daughters†. We believe Oprah demonstrates a down to earth nature when it comes to inspiring trust amongst her followers she is on the same wave length as everyday people; and her â€Å"leadership consists of showing average people how to do the work of superior people† (John D. Rockefeller. ) Whilst Oprah is the epitome of an inspiring leader, the president of her country George W. Bush fails to inspire trust amongst his followers. Being the president of the U. S. A Bush is arguably the most powerful leader in the world, yet he fails to gain the support of his countryman since his approval ratings has plunged down to an average of 28-32% in his second term in office. Leadership is as much about spreading values as it is about the use of power, values serve as guides to action, they inform our decisions as to what to do and what not to do. Values also motivate. They keep us focused on why we’re doing what we’re doing and on the ends toward which we’re striving. To clarify values as a leader you must engage in two essentials. Firstly, you must find your voice, it involves knowing who you are, what you stand for and what you care about, burn with desire to be true to something you hold passionately and lead according to the principle that matters most to you. We agree with the example that Presley Purcell gave in his blog regarding Martin Luther King. He inspired others to conduct an impossible challenge on racial segregation, the very principles which the nation was fundamentally built on, and continues to operate under, directed by the same group of people who benefited most from exploitation through racial inequality. However, in contrast with MLK stands George W Bush, his speeches were written by his talented speech writers, this is rather controversial as in doing so he was in fact speaking the words of someone else rather than following his own voice. In Graeme Harrisons interview â€Å"Beware of hollow leaders† a hollow leader was considered to be: â€Å"someone who has a high reputation and†¦ have got there through tap dancing, by jumping up and down around the subject rather than on the subject, when it really gets down to the hard stuff they go missing†. (RSNZ, 2008) This could be applied to Bush because he commonly enjoys projecting a glossy image of himself and his capability to lead America, but when hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans he was nowhere to be seen for two months, therefore Bush fits the criteria of a hollow leader. Moreover this is another indication of him not walking the talk because instead of leading the poor Americans out of misery he left them behind to the rage of Katrina. The second essential to clarify values is to affirm shared values, these are common values which your followers share, and it is the foundation for building productive and genuine working relationships. It was said that affirmed shared values cannot be imposed on others, but are formed out of their participation, George Bush has great power being the president of U. S. but even with his power he cannot convince most of his countryman the need to fight the war in Iraq. Most Americans wanted to put an end to the war, if Bush was to gain the trust of his followers he would need to listen to them as to why they do not agree with the war on Iraq, that way he would be able to work out a set of shared values between them. Word count: 881 Group Tutor: Charlie Gillard. Tutorial time: Thursday 8am-10am. Tutor: Charlie Gillard. Appendix 2 Blog 2 THE DANCING QUEEN vs. THE PRESIDENTAL HOPEFUL. Sarah Gledhill Posted @ 11/09/2008 4:47 p. m. Do the blogging readings make you feel differently about offline leadership? Discuss which conventional leaders might do well in blogging – and which not – and what the explosion of blogs means for contemporary leaders? Together as a group we agreed that when one reads a blog on a person, we carve out an image of that person in real life based on the values and ideas emphasized in the blog. This has its downfalls as forming a perception on a person based on their blog provides an incomplete picture, in other words the information we see on their blog is very limited; maybe we are only seeing what they want us to see. This can be proven to be a reality when we meet them in real life and get to discover their actual traits and values. We discussed in our previous blog, the issue of ‘hollow leaders’, this may arise in blogging also. Leaders may make big claims on their blogs about their capabilities but offline provide no evidence that they walk the talk. However, there is the flip side that also must be considered; sometimes blogging can correct our misconceptions of a person. It is well known that everyone tends to stereotype others, most commonly people see an employer as authoritarian, but perhaps if we browsed through their blog and discover their personal thoughts and ideas, our perception would change as a result of this information on their blog. The blogging readings have made us think differently about offline leadership, because in order to write a good blog the virtues of honesty and trust worthiness are really important which means that the blog entries need to be a true reflection of their leadership style. If one tries to fake the contents by over stating their capabilities then their blog readers would become annoyed and possibly leave negative comments. Like Scoble & Israel suggest â€Å"If you are going to blog, be authentic. Keep your conversations naked. Let people know who you are and where you’re coming from†. (Scoble & Israel, 2006). We originally thought that blogging was another platform where managers can dictate the content of information out flow and influence the way readers think in the same way newspapers can, but the readings have made us realize that blogging is more about people; their comments and feedback make up an important factor of blogging. This makes us believe that blogging is like a moral code of conduct for managers it is a sense of empowerment to subordinates and it is also a means of self analysis, as blogging feedback can direct a manager toward the possible areas for change thus having a direct effect on the offline leadership of a manager. Although we feel the phenomena of the increase in blogging among business people over the years is an excellent way for companies and their leaders to communicate with employees and followers, we strongly agree with Elaina Sheppard’s blog that trust and honesty cannot all be achieved alone online, leaders must continue to remain a face-to face contact, on a more personal level to remain trust amongst their followers. This point also reiterates what Scoble & Israel suggest as #tip10 of â€Å"how to be a successful blogger† â€Å"to get out into the real world†. Sir Richard Branson is a great example of a leader who walks the talk and resembles this honestly and openly through his actions and his blog; he is all about team work and daring to be different. His blog seems as laid back and fun as he himself offline; it easily allows followers to see what he has been doing, gives them room to comment and honestly emphasizes the ‘real’ Branson. (bransonblog. com) From the RSNZ website we found the ‘Team-based innovation’ interview with Peter Hubscher from Montana wines. It is all about challenges, team work and daring to be different. It encompasses what we believe to resemble Branson in a nutshell. Peter Hubscher is adamant that with team work â€Å"the challenge is always how to do it better†. Sir Richard Branson is a real ‘team player’ and by carrying this same approach into his blog he may achieve greater team work through the added interaction blogging may provide. Conventional leaders that might do well in blogging†¦ We see Suzanne Paul to be a conventional leader who might do well in blogging. Suzanne Paul is a well known icon in NZ and built the country's most successful direct marketing company, Prestige Marketing, developing and selling such products as Natural glow. Suzanne is also well known on our T. V screens, she has starred in shows such as ‘Guess Who's Coming to Dinner', ‘Garage Sale', ‘How's Life' and ‘Dancing with the stars’ where in 2007 she was crowned winner. It is important to acknowledge that the show â€Å"dancing with the stars† was based on the votes of which the NZ public see their favourite dancer to be; Suzanne obviously has a great following of NZ citizens behind her. A leader is also respected for not only how they display themselves through good times but even more so in the way they conduct themselves through their hardships. Suzanne Paul was declared bankrupt, but since then has bounced back very admirably; she seems to have laid her struggles out there for everyone to see and has overcome them. We’d like to add that this quality exhibits what David Wyld has commented on â€Å"developing a thick skin† being able to take on the negative comments as well as the positive. Susan has been slashed by the media, but has been able to turn around her entire reputation, now that takes courage; she is one strong lady with a thick skin. (Wyld, 2008). Suzanne Paul definitely has a story to tell, her â€Å"†¦ story is one of inspiration and perseverance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ through blogging she could easily present†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"this message in a very entertaining way, drawing on her many hilarious life experiences†. Scobel and Israel’s Tip 8- ‘Tell a story’, works well with Suzanne as â€Å"Corporate blogging is all about telling a story, your story†. (www. csnz. co. z) Suzanne Paul would no doubt have a successful blog; she is a business woman with products to sell, and she could get valuable customer feedback via her blog. Conventional leaders which might not do well in blogging†¦ The reading by Wyld. D. C (2008) states that in having a successful blog it is important that bloggers are legit. â€Å"You must be the author,' if your words are to be taken as authentic and interesting by your audience†. We believe John McCain, the U. S presidential hopeful to be a conventional leader that might not be good at blogging. McCain currently has a blog on his website that is up and running, although it’s not possible to see how much of the blog he himself is responsible for; there is also no interaction from him personally. We agree with the majority of groups before us stating that like John Mc Cain, Helen Clark would fail to be a good blogger, due to insufficient time available to him, through his stressful job priorities he would fail to continuously update his blog posts, leaving you to wonder whether a â€Å"ghost writer† has been employed to jump through the hoop for him doing all of the hard stuff. Admittedly John McCain has said he struggles to cope with the sophisticated technology of e-mailing whilst naming himself as computer e-literate all so. If Somebody like McCain has a blog but isn’t really the face or voice behind it he is neglecting a valuable tool that could deliver passionate and authoritative information to his fellow Americans. Maybe if John McCain used the blog to his full potential this could even strengthen his chances in becoming President. In accordance to Wyld Mc Cain doesn’t appropriately exhibit the qualities that make a good blogger, Tip2 â€Å"Do it yourself† and tip 4 â€Å"post regularly†. Thus making him a disappointing un-authentic blogger. What the explosion of blogs means for contemporary leaders†¦ The explosion of blogs comes with many positive and negative aspects for contemporary leaders. We see blogging as a fantastic way to promote one’s ideas or market a product and gain popularity. Whilst researching we came across a blog on Yahoo! ‘Answers by Hillary Clinton, Democratic Presidential Hopeful’. Through the blog she asked all Americans â€Å"Based on your own family’s experience, what do you think we should do to improve health care in America? † This was her way o convince people that she is a people’s leader and a leader ready to listen to the masses. Blogging is also an easy, cheap and convenient method of communication within an organisation. Due to the informal nature of blogging it allows for 360 ° feedback. As blogging is not a face to face communication subordinates would not be perturbed to comment on th eir boss’s performance. Blogging can easily create a sense of empowerment amongst followers. Recently one of the superstars in India, Amitabh Bachchan asked his fans on his blog to suggest a name for his upcoming movie. Imagine how you would feel if your suggestion was accepted. We agreed that blogging can be a great source in resolving problems within organizations. Most of the answers to the problems faced by big organisations don’t lie in the boardrooms; they come from the grass root level. Through blogging the executives can reach out to the grass root level workers and identify the problem and device a solution. Some negative aspects evolving from blogging include: There are many worthless ideas and comments that can create a sense of confusion, conflict and negative feeling amongst readers. Also, the fact that most blogs are open to comment for anybody on the net can be cause for trouble. Bloggers can easily disguise their identity and post irrelevant, personal, adverse comments. Once it’s on the net, it is very difficult to delete it. As discussed by David in the lectures, many a time certain ill intentioned people can post comments which can taint the reputation of an individual or an organisation and can cost them millions. Blogging can be can be quite a time consuming activity and it is important for employees to update blogs regularly to avoid them from becoming out of date. But doing so can mean less working time and lower productivity. Wordcount: 1716 Tutor: Charlie Gillard. Tutorial: Thursday 8am-10am. Group Members: Appendix 3 Blog 3 ? WHAT WE LEARNT Posted @ 2/10/2008 9:48 a. m. This blog will illustrate our individual and collective learning throughout this course. We will also demonstrate how the lectures, tutorials and RSNZ interviews have provoked thought and reflection within us, not only on leadership as a theme but also within ourselves. One aspect of the teachings that stood out for us as a group was the idea that a leader must have the following characteristics: logic, trust and passion. First, leaders should exercise their logical ability. A leader must have a clear objective and well-organized steps, ensuring a mutual confidence with followers. When people know what they should do, they work efficiency and effectively. Second, trust is necessary. As human beings, our many relationships depend on the trust. When there is trust placed in the team leader, it makes it easy for the team as a whole to strive for success as much as possible. The third is passion. If a leader tries doing a project without passion, it will hard for the team to be creative thinkers. Passion is a good way to motivate other people. Iris found this concept to be relevant to her personally in her transformation into a leader. â€Å"When I was doing my readings it occurred to me that if I wanted to go anywhere in leadership, if I display qualities of logic, passion and trust, I would be able to inspire those around me and go further as a leader. â€Å"Leadership consists of showing average people how to do the work of superior people† (John D. Rockefeller. ) This quote springs from the idea that anyone can be a leader; everyday ordinary people can do the extraordinary. â€Å"I like the example David used in lecture, time and time again, about the 9/11 attacks on The United States of America, where it was the cleaners, the fire fighters, who took charge and lead thousands of American’s out of the twin towers at the time of the attack. This just shows , anyone can be a leader- these people had dedication and will power to get out alive and help those around them, they may have not had the highest status of power, but they ed, and I feel their courage and determination is a remarkable and astonishing thing. â€Å"- Sarah. Here are these people, who may be seen as ‘ average lower-class’, they still managed to take charge and lead, their actions were seen as heroic that day and they will forever be seen as astonishing people who helped save the lives of thousands. The material in this course has highlighte d, to all of us as a group, certain universal leadership principles which resonate within us all, urging us to become the leaders that we know exists within us. Principles like: â€Å"Leadership comes from the front and the middle of the pack†, â€Å"A leader communicates vision by embodying it, personifying it, and by living it out†. Principles like the these have caused us to view leadership in a completely different light, thinking not only about the stereotypical leaders that everyone cites when asked to name leaders, these include, Nelson Mandela, Sir Edmund Hillary, Martin Luther King Jnr. etc. It seems as though when most people think of leaders they tend to think more about the positive leaders. â€Å"When I begun this course, I was one of them. When I thought â€Å"leader† I automatically thought â€Å"good†. People like Osama Bin Laden and Hitler never crossed my mind, But it is people like these who are often some of the most successful leaders, they put themselves out there in such a way that they managed to inspire a huge following that inspires change throughout the entire world. † – Leah I agree with Leah, that when I had previously thought about leaders, I had thought about, only the good ones also, people tend to fail to recognise or consider, those not so good, people in the world, who may be seen as â€Å"terrible leaders†, they may be terrible, or expressing bad idea’s, essentially though, there are people who follow them and they can be called leaders. † – Sarah â€Å"I disagree. An important value for l eaders is to be ethical. People like Hitler and Osama were involved with unethical practises and in my opinion do not qualify as leaders; however, it may be argued that they are great people anagers and orators, but not leaders. This reiterates another leadership principle that â€Å"Everyone influences someone. The question is what you will influence them to do? † Whether the influence is good or bad doesn’t really seem to make a difference. You just have to believe in yourself, believe in your cause and display this belief with passion. This passion needs to be infectious. It needs to spread through the crowds in such a way that you will make believers out of the people in the crowds too. There is a common argument about whether leaders are born and not made, this is particular was a concept of debate for members in our group for some time. â€Å"A lot of what I learnt stayed at the forefront of my mind for sometime. I was always one to believe that some people had it and some people don’t, the whole leaders are born not made argument, but listening to David in the lectures, he managed to change my mind somewhat, while I still believe that some people are born with natural leadership attributes, I now am swayed to the thought that these can also be taught and learnt, as with confidence, â€Å"fake it ‘till it’s real†. – Leah It was a common occurrence in lectures for David to tell us to â€Å"Get curious† about ourselves. Kouzes & Posner (2007) encourage leaders to ultimately find their voice. They emphasise that, â€Å"before you can become a credible leader- one who connects â€Å"say and do†- first you have to find your voice†. This seems obvious but so many leaders fail to do this and therefore fail to lead. We think very few leaders in this course and in general know exactly what they stand for and have found their ‘inner voice’. â€Å"David repeatedly told us to figure out why we do things the way we do. This prompted a different area of thinking within myself. â€Å"Now I am beginning to question my behaviour, my view points and certain ways that I prefer to manage tasks. † – Donna. This leads us to self disclosure. This is important to leaders, and made us realise that in order for your followers to trust you and support you, you must be open to them about yourself, let them know your background, your goals, your strengths and weaknesses. Letting them understand you, helps to create a greater communication link between you and your employees. Over time this would create relational depth. In the leadership videos Graeme Milnes mentioned that â€Å"no matter what, you don’t know everything, so be humble, and know what you know and what you don’t know†. Through this we realised that leadership is more about revelation and acknowledging the value of your staff. As Graeme Milne said â€Å"successful leaders are those who would value the ability of their followers, acknowledge their own strength and weakness, and disclose the problems they are facing†. A good leader does not need to know everything, but does need to know that they are not perfect and would need the help of their workers to get things done. If you divulge the problem you are facing and acknowledge that you can not do it alone and need their help then your workers would respond by coming together and solving the problem for you by filling in your weakness. Whereas if you do not make the problem known and pretend to be the perfect leader and keep all the information and credit to yourself then your workers would think that since the leader believes he or she is so perfect what does he or she need them for? So the difference between a good leader and a bad leader is that when they fail, a good leader who discloses information and acknowledges the value of their staff would see workers jumping in to help. Whereas a bad leader who tends to keep all the information and credit to himself would lose respect among workers, who would in turn not be so eager to help. â€Å"This has made me realise that great and successful leaders are not born to be who they are, they only become great leaders through the support of your followers, and this is done through self disclosure, information disclosure and also acknowledging the value of their workers. – Daniel â€Å"Communication is an integral part of leadership. It is a process and not just a distinct event. Communication is a circular two way process and leaders should be open to feedback from all sources. I have personally learnt that as leader you need to LISTEN. † – Devarsh David made clear in lectures the importance of Em otional Intelligence (EI). The display of the right mood to match the situation is an art that has to be first understood and then learnt. It is a very powerful tool of leadership. Generally speaking, this is an art, which we pick up normally in the course of life but very few of us have learnt to use this art as a tool. Certain situations are very clear; such as visits to the hospital, where one is expected to show concern, or take the instance of a visit to a home where a death has taken place. These are obvious situations and we learn from society the correct mood to display and say the right things that are to be said. From the leadership angle, by following a few established principles one should be able to get much more out of colleagues and followers than we normally do. Any team can be swayed to better performance by the correct display of positive leadership. â€Å"EI is not about being nice, but confronting someone with truth, not letting it all hang out or dumping but expressing it appropriately. † – Devarsh In general, the idea of looking down the tunnel and seeing a possible leadership role at the end is quite daunting. In an interview from the RSNZ website, Sir Angus Tait says that â€Å"if you can measure the difficulties that lie ahead and there will be many. In many instances you’ll never start. Therefore†¦ don’t look to deeply just say I’m going to do that; and proceed to do it†. This quote is one that we find inspiring. It makes us feel that we too, can be leaders. The readings and tutorial exercises have taught us a great deal, about what it takes to become leaders. The concepts, of â€Å"finding your voice†, and â€Å"affirm shared values†, are two hugely influential parts of leadership, that we will now try to consider in our own personal lives when taking on a leadership role. As a group, we feel as though we have learnt a lot of valuable lessons throughout the course, not just about the leadership qualities expected in the workforce, but also about ourselves and what we have learned and discovered on the leadership front thus far. Whilst a lot of the concepts brought to a front throughout this paper aren’t exactly entirely new concepts, the way in which they were presented to us however, have caused to us pause and re-evaluate our own leadership qualities and places where we can improve ourselves. Word Count: 1911 Group Members: Tutor: Charlie Gillard. Tutorial time: Thursday 8am-10am. Tutor: Charlie Gillard. Appendix 4 – The main concept I have grasped from this paper is how leaders empower their followers. (Hackman & Johnson, 2009). I always thought leaders had some degree of power that arose from their rank of position; I never considered that leadership really is regardless of your position. It is about who you are and what you are doing. Whilst power naturally evolves with leadership roles, I have learnt that the biggest source of power a leader can use and ‘feed’ from is the energy created when everyone around them becomes a leader also. Skills within this concept come first and foremost from finding out who one is as a person/leader. . e. ‘finding your voice’ (Kouzes & Posner, 2007) This is essential for leaders as once this is ‘found’; where they are going and what they want to achieve is clear. Being able to communicate your vision and beliefs often and genuinely acting upon such statements, is also essential for getting followers to side with you as a leader. â€Å"If you are clear about your values, and your actions are aligned, it makes all the hard work worth the effort†. (Kouzes & Posner, 2007) I am determined to develop these skills into my leadership roles by ensuring I stand for my values and be clear and open about who I am and what I want to do. This then can be shared with others by bringing them on board and empowering them as individuals and leaders all working toward a common goal. Donna Fredrikson Appendix 5 – This course has been a very eye-opening and enlightening experience. From day one I thought I had a fair understanding of leadership and what it entails, but after engaging with the materials and activities in the course I have learnt it is so much more complex and diverse than I had ever imagined. I main idea I took form this course was that leadership may not always be a position of power and status, but the effective ability to communicate, lead and influence. One quote I valued a lot in my reading of the course reader was this one, by (John D. Rockefeller. )Where he states, that â€Å"Leadership consists of showing average people how to do the work of superior people†. This quote emphasizes the idea that anyone can be a leader and ordinary people can do the extraordinary. David from lecturer, forth reinforced this idea, in his examples and discussions of the 9//11 attacks on the United States of America, where it was the cleaners , the fire fighters, who took charge and lead thousands of American’s out of the twin towers at the time of the attack. This shows, anyone can be a leader, these people had dedication and will power to get out alive and help those around them, they may have not had the highest status of power, but they led, and I feel their courage and determination is a remarkable and astonishing thing. Sarah Gledhill Appendix 6 – In blog three (Appendix 3), I was asked to reflect on what I have learned in this paper thus far, below are snippets from that blog and other lessons that throughout this course, the lectures, tutorials and RSNZ interviews have provoked thought and reflection within me, not only on leadership as a theme but also within myself. I feel as though I have learnt a lot of valuable lessons, not just about the leadership qualities expected in the workforce, but also about myself and what I have learned and discovered on the leadership front thus far. While a lot of the concepts brought to a front throughout this paper aren’t exactly entirely new concepts, the way in which they were presented to me however, have caused to pause and re-evaluate my own leadership qualities and places where I can improve myself. At this stage I haven’t exactly, in anyway, reached the pinnacle of my leadership potential, but I do believe that If I continue to work at it, I will keep inching closer to becoming a more together and confident individual who will inspire others to do as I have done. This paper has highlighted, to me, certain universal leadership principles which resonate within me, urging me to become the leader that I know exists within me. Principles like: â€Å"A leader communicates vision by embodying it, personifying it, and by living it out†, have encouraged me to want to better myself by putting forth my passion for what I do and passing it on to others. Leah Norman Appendix 7 – The success of an organisation depends on the employee’s contribution. No matter how good you are a leader you don’t know everything in your business, therefore you need your employees help. Leadership is about getting support and drawing on the best talents of your employees, in order to do so you must acknowledge their contribution to the organisation, that whatever the organisation has achieved is due to the team and give them credit, rather than taking it to yourself. If you treat people right you will get the best out of them, and you will be a leader, if you don’t then you will never be a successful leader. † (Graeme Milne, 2007). The consequences of a successful leader not empowering employees would be the incapability to grow the business by relying on employees in the leader’s absence. This reinforces with Graeme Milne (2007), that a successful organisation is one that does not need to rely on the leader too m uch. A successful organisation is one that would continue to grow in the absence of a leader. And this is achieved through staff empowerment. Ana Stretton is a successful leader but she takes decision making all to herself, the firm does not have the capability to function or grow without her, therefore if anything happens to her then the organisation would probably collapse. Daniel Zhang Appendix 8 – Since high school when I was the captain of the school cricket team, I comprehended that it was very important for me to have a better-quality performance, to gain respect of my team members. Over time I have also realised, that it is very important for a manger to be hands on and not just direct and supervise the subordinates. Observing an energetic and active manager can be quite motivating for the team and this way the manager can illustrate the best practice style. At my first job I was leading a small team of four. I had an authoritarian approach and listened to none. But when I started working part time, my manager had a similar style of leading. That’s when I realised and empathised with my subordinates how demotivating it felt. Since then I have modified my leadership style and allow more participation and involvement of my team members. I have personally initiated introspection practices recommended by David in the lectures like writing a diary and Johari window. Initially I used to get angry under high pressure situations at work. But while studying about EI in the course I have realised the importance of the need for the leader to be calm and composed. Leader is a role model for followers and their ill behaviour would have bad effect on their followers. Leaders need to be open for feedback from all sources. It is very important to constantly motivate employees by acknowledging their contribution and giving constructive feedback. Devarsh Pathak References ? Barrett, D. J. (2006). Strong communication skills; a must for today's leaders. Handbook of Business Strategy, 7(1), 385-390. ? Hackman, M. Z. , Johnson, C. E. 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Retrieved October 16, 2008 from http://www. radiocomms. com. au/articles/1464-The-passing-of-Sir-Angus-Tait ? Thomas Behr, E. (1998) Acting from the centre_:_ Management Review. Proquest. Retrieved October 16, 2008. ? Preston, Paul. (2005) The Power Image: Strategies for Acting and Being Powerful_:_ Journal of Healthcare Management. Proquest. Retrieved October 16, 2008. ? Yukl, Gary, Taber, Tom. (1983, March). The Effective Use of Managerial Power. Personnel, 60(2), 37. Retrieved October 16, 2008, from Academic Research Librarydatabase. (Document ID: 1268779) 1