History of the Public Smoking Ban

History of the Public Smoking Ban The emergence of public smoking ban can be backdated to 1590 when Pope Urban VII threatened to excommunicate anyone who took any form of tobacco inside a church. Afterwards other European cities enacted smoking bans. Modern, countrywide tobacco ban was imposed in Germany during the rein of Adolf Hitler. In the sunset years of the 20th century, second-hand health related risks of tobacco smoking became more publicized. Coupled with restrictions on cigarette advertising and fear of revenue losses, the tobacco industry embarked on campaigns aimed at â€Å"tolerance and courtesy† to reduce the heightened tension between smoker and non-smokers, whilst eluding issues related smoking ban. Over the years, laws implementing bans on outdoor smoking have been enacted by many countries in various ways. The Irish government became the first country to do so. In one form or another, is also has been enacted in countries such as USA, Norway, Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, South Africa, United Kingdom and Australia. The World Health Organization (1997) survey on tobacco control policies reported that a vast majority of countries numbering to 134 now have some form of restriction on smoking in public places. The underlying explanations cited for smoking bans in public places has often been safeguarding of the society from the its detrimental effects, which include increased risks of cancer, heart disease, and other acute and chronic diseases. The implementers have often put forward scientific evidence showing that tobacco smoking is harmful to the smokers and to those inhaling second-hand smoke. Air quality has often been advocated by the public one of the advantages of smoking ban. For this reason, the basis for smoking ban rationale relates to normative economics. Normative economics entails value judgements about â€Å"what the economy ought to be like† or what particular policy measures ought to be undertaken to achieve a desirable objective. Since normative economics looks into the appropriateness of particular aspects of the economy, it advocates for economic policies. In this case, the value desirable goal aims at reducing health care costs and improve productivity and create job opportunities, reduced risk of fire, cleanliness in places where food are handled, potential cutback on energy (decreased ventilation needs), reduced quantities of litter, make it easier for smokers to quit, and to promote healthier environments. Although restrictions attributed to smoking ban are primarily intended to reduce exposure to second hand smoke, it is most likely that there will be a reduction in smokers opportunity to indulge. This may lead to significant reductions in cigarettes smoked and consequently the â€Å"cost of smoking† Chaloupka and Warner (2000). In particular will be the smokers working or mostly spend most of the time within the Central Business District (CBD) of Nairobi where the smoking ban law is stringent as compared to the suburban. In Ireland, for example, it is said that approximately 7,000 smokers are thought to have quit in the first six months after imposition. What does this imply? First of all it is essential to acknowledge that cigarettes as products have inelastic demand. Tobacco is the raw product for cigarettes and contains nicotine an addictive substance that has no close substitutes. According to Curbing the Epidemic (The World Bank, 1999), elasticity of cigarette ranges on an average of (-0.4) though it varies from region to region, and from study to study. With this simple observation, it therefore implies that the total quantities of cigarettes consumed by each individual ‘continuing smoker will decline, ceteris paribas. This means, that there was an inward shift in demand for cigarettes after the implementation of the ban. Figure 2 demonstrates this implication of shift in demand. Before the enactment of the smoking ban, the consumers demand curve was D1 and the amount spent totaled to Kshs. 100.00 as depicted by the shaded area (OABF). After the enactment, the demand shifted to D2, hence the consumer total expenditure was Kshs. 50.00 as shown by the area (OACE). Economists have often referred to this phenomenon as non-price measures to reduce demand on cigarette. The imposition of smoking ban in the proximity of Kenyas county councils and municipalities includes all workplaces (private and public), businesses and public places (indoor and outdoor) with the exception of restaurants which have been obliged to designate special smoking zones. In the Nairobi for example, there are only three spots in the Central Business District (CBD) allocated smoking zones which do not sufficiently address the needs of all smokers. This ban comes in at the time when the tobacco manufacturing industry BAT Kenya Ltd. has been pushed to a threshold level as a result of tough regulation on advertisement campaign. What will the consumer do with the rest of the money saved? Since the consumer will be saving Kshs. 50.00, daily it will sum up to Kshs. 1,500.00 per month. This would definitely affect the cigarette position on the consumers budget line, assuming the income remains the same. In the Neoclassical economics, the goal of consumer behavior is utility maximization (consistent with maximization of net benefits). This means that the marginal utility of the last Shilling spent on the last cigarette will be equal to the marginal utility of the last Shilling spent on any ‘other good (equimargin principle). To get a better picture of this situation, let assume the following: Before smoking ban After smoking ban Income Kshs.30,000Kshs.30,000 Expenditure on cigarettesKshs. 3,000Kshs. 1,500 Amount spent on others Kshs.27,000Kshs.28,500 Table 1: Cigarette smokers budget before and after ban Figure 2 shows the smokers (consumer) budget line. Since the consumer is constrained by it the budget line, the new law will results into an outward movement along the budget line of the expenditure dedicated to smoking relative to what is spent on others. The implication is that the extra money derived from the reduction of smoking will be substituted and spent on others. This may at times result into some level of decrease in demand for inferior goods. Maybe the smoker will buy a gift for his wife or girlfriend, some items for himself, indulge in other activities such as beer drinking to divert from the affects of the smoking ban. In an interesting scenario would be where the consumer will be end up spending on expensive cigarettes since the consumer may want to maximize on utility. The smoking ban carries along with it requirements that the hospitality sector (hotels, casinos, bars and restaurants) has to designate regions for smokers and non-smokers. In addition it would be a not be a surprise to observe â€Å"no-smoking† and â€Å"smoking† related signs in these places. This will have a twofold effect which can also be viewed from the point of opportunity cost of smoking on businesses (due to the fact that the new decree is at times not adhered and may be up to the business to decide despite them knowing of the legal risks involved). One will be on the businesses that will follow the decree. These businesses may benefit from the fact that they may not lose on some non-smoking clientele base, but lose on some smokers who may avoid these places due to the pinching effect of the ban. The second would be businesses that would not completely adhere to the decree and may loose on clientele that may not appreciate the fact that they are not being ackno wledged, but gain from smokers who may feel that they are not being restricted. In general, economic loss will be experience in varying businesses in the hospitality sector. These include: The imposing of smoking ban will reduce pollution causing activities since the polluters, that is, smokers will be affected. This will result into increased levels of purified or cleanliness of the air. Unfortunately this does not come free. In economics any improvement linked to the environment has both benefits and costs to the society. There exists a trade-off between how much improvement is gained and how much money is used. This can be demonstrated by bringing together marginal benefits and marginal costs into one figure to provide some indication of the exchange and determine how socially efficient is the environmental improvement. What economists term as the socially efficient quantity of pollution† means that social benefits will be maximized when pollution is reduced to a certain point. Unfortunately, too much pollution reduction is too costly for us to undertake. In the case of smoking ban in Kenya, net social benefits can be determined by the difference between total benefit (TB) and total cost (TC): Why? For example in the demand and supply curve, consumer surplus is can be determined by the area above the market price (equilibrium) and below the demand curve, which is similar to our case above. The implications would be that there will be a positive social benefit as results of smoking ban and clean air due to movement from MC1 to MC2 This law will entail some long term implication in that it will prevent the youth from smoking at an early stage, as there will be lesser number of people exposed to the perils of smoking. Hence this will greatly benefit the society in terms of reduced levels of current and mostly essentially, the future generation. Furthermore, restrictions on smoking may change the perceived norms related to smoking by changing attitudes concerning the social acceptability of smoking (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994). Evidence has shown that hospital admissions related to heart attacks the cases of dropped due to enactment of the ban. For example, after the smoking ban was imposed 2003 in Pueblo, Colorado USA heart attacked cases dropped by 27% while neighbouring towns where the ban was not introduced showed no change. Also a survey conducted in Scotland showed that smoking ban has some positive impact on health. The research revealed that massive health gain as a result of smoking ban. So not only will individual Kenyan smokers benefit in terms of better health (since some would quit while the continuing smokers will reduce indulging) but also potential second hand smokers (such as bar workers and those who spend considerable time with the smokers). Net social benefit (NB) = Total Benefit (TB) Total Cost (TC) NB = TB TC In economics, â€Å"net benefits are maximized where marginal benefit equals marginal cost (MB = MC)†. The same applies for socially efficient point that occurs where MB = MC and the point where they interact (MB and MC), maximum net social benefits is realized. This is demonstrated in figure 3 where as a result of the imposition of smoking ban MC1 shifts to MC2, causing the equilibrium to change from E1 to E2. Since smoking ban results to E2, then net social benefits is computed as: NSB = A + B + C C NSB = A + B Loss of revenue Loss of actual employment A decline in wages and salary payments Besides the cigarette manufacturers, the impact of a ban is expected to trickle down the industry chain. This includes the tobacco farmers. In Kenya, there are 300,000 farmers involved in growing of tobacco leaves, which means that there would likely be a reduction in revenue on their side. This will result into some of them halting the growing the tobacco leaves and looking for other substitution to their farming. The fear of being phased out is another determining factor on the future volumes (tobacco leaves) produced unless the tobacco industries takes alternative measures to increase it foreign exports and counter local market situation, hence ensure no decline in local quantities of tobacco leaves demand. It is obvious that the reduction of health risks will result into less expenditure that the government will spend of health care in the long run. This ensures improved productivity which will boost the production possibility frontier (PPT). Others benefits to the government include gains in terms of less energy used for ventilation needs and possibilities of increased investment. One would expect that the government revenue would be reduced from the drop in taxes gained from the manufacturing industries, tobacco farmers and the hospitality. Unfortunately this does not seem to be the case. In June 2007, a month before the enactment of the ban, the Kenyan government increased the â€Å"Sin-Taxes†. It seems that the government had counter measures of reducing any chances of future loss of revenue in anticipation of the ban in Junly 2007. For this reason, then it appears that the stakeholders (smokers and related industries) took the overall burden. However, the government will need to create more job opportunities for loss in employment. In addition, government will have to give subsidies to tobacco farmers since the new law will reduce their income and discourage them to continue farming. Since cigarettes contain the addictive substance called nicotine, some smokers may not be able to eventually quit. This may prompt the government to initiate surrogate smoking programs such â€Å"smoking cessation†. One would expect that the new law will impact on the valuation of the tobacco industries. This is definitely true since there was an initial drop in the stock price of BAT stock in the NSE immediately after the ban was enacted. According to The East African, it is estimated that the BAT stocks in the NSE lost Ksh3.5 billion ($48.6 million) in a period of one year. BAT share prices dropped from Kshs. 200 per share to Kshs. 165.00, the lowest during that trading period. In spite of this, today, the stock price has stabilized. This can be owed to the fact that the short run production was affected which led to market speculations of the uncertainty of the BAT in the long run. However, BAT did take counter measures of expanding its foreign market hence giving assurance of long run. Currently, according to Business Daily, so far the BAT shares at the NSE have been stable despite further series of smoking bans by other local authorities. This is consistent with economics of production wher e all the fixed factors of production are variable in the long run hence ensuring some level of return to scale just as BAT has done to ensure it stays in production. Contrarily, in the short run, a firm is only able to change the variable factors and not fixed factors just as the stock prices of BAT reflect in short run versus long run.

Lion Dancing :: Dance Culture Cultural China Chinese Essays

Lion Dancing When you’re in Chinatown on Chinese New Year, you can hear the firecrackers popping followed by the loud music of banging drums and cymbals clashing in beat with each other. Then as the smoke clears, a huge beast emerges from the smoke. Kids hide behind their parents as the beast shakes its head from side to side and begins to dance around. It is a frightening beast, but it scares the evil spirits and brings good luck to all the stores around Chinatown. As some people know from this description, this is Lion Dancing – a mixture of dance and martial arts. The legendary story of how Lion Dancing began takes place in a cave where the lions were sleeping. A monk enters and prepares a shrine around the cave. When he is finished, the monk wakes the sleepy lions by playing on the drum and gong. He wants the sleepy lions to bow to the shrine he has created, but the lions only want to dance around and have fun. So the monk takes some lettuce greens to poke fun at the lio ns and get their attention. This makes the lions so mad that they eat the greens. Nowadays, Lion Dancers throw lettuce at the audience in order to spread good luck around because the greens represent wealth. There are different styles to Lion Dancing and they are each represented in various ways. For example, the Buddhists believe this dance spreads courage, energy, and wisdom to people. This is because Lion Dancers use fighting tiger and crane poses to make themselves look powerful. In other lion dance troupes, their stances can represent specific animals just from the movements of their feet. The head of the lion also represents different animal forms by the symbols and decorations on it. For instance, the curved horn on top of the head represents a phoenix and the ears and tail represent a unicorn. Some may assumed lion dancing is only done on Chinese New Year and Harvest Moon, but this kind of dance is also used to bless people on special days such as birthdays, weddings, and grand openings for stores. Lion Dancing has inspired me to get in touch with my Asian American side. At first, all I knew about Lion Dancing was that it’s entertaining and brings good luck to everyone during Chinese New Year. Lion Dancing :: Dance Culture Cultural China Chinese Essays Lion Dancing When you’re in Chinatown on Chinese New Year, you can hear the firecrackers popping followed by the loud music of banging drums and cymbals clashing in beat with each other. Then as the smoke clears, a huge beast emerges from the smoke. Kids hide behind their parents as the beast shakes its head from side to side and begins to dance around. It is a frightening beast, but it scares the evil spirits and brings good luck to all the stores around Chinatown. As some people know from this description, this is Lion Dancing – a mixture of dance and martial arts. The legendary story of how Lion Dancing began takes place in a cave where the lions were sleeping. A monk enters and prepares a shrine around the cave. When he is finished, the monk wakes the sleepy lions by playing on the drum and gong. He wants the sleepy lions to bow to the shrine he has created, but the lions only want to dance around and have fun. So the monk takes some lettuce greens to poke fun at the lio ns and get their attention. This makes the lions so mad that they eat the greens. Nowadays, Lion Dancers throw lettuce at the audience in order to spread good luck around because the greens represent wealth. There are different styles to Lion Dancing and they are each represented in various ways. For example, the Buddhists believe this dance spreads courage, energy, and wisdom to people. This is because Lion Dancers use fighting tiger and crane poses to make themselves look powerful. In other lion dance troupes, their stances can represent specific animals just from the movements of their feet. The head of the lion also represents different animal forms by the symbols and decorations on it. For instance, the curved horn on top of the head represents a phoenix and the ears and tail represent a unicorn. Some may assumed lion dancing is only done on Chinese New Year and Harvest Moon, but this kind of dance is also used to bless people on special days such as birthdays, weddings, and grand openings for stores. Lion Dancing has inspired me to get in touch with my Asian American side. At first, all I knew about Lion Dancing was that it’s entertaining and brings good luck to everyone during Chinese New Year.

Financial Aid Appeal Essay

First year of college was very challenging to me yet I was still wasn’t ready for the courses that I chose. My goal was to obtain an a degree maybe, i haven’t decided yet, and then i wanted to transfer to a 4 year institute to obtain a B.A Degree. My educational goal was to be majoring in an unknown field to many. In Fall 2009 I chose courses I have since realized were too difficult for a first-time student and I became overwhelmed. Having had no prior experience with college-level life, courses, and exams. I was not sure what to expect and learned that my study techniques lacking, resulting in poor grades. I also failed to attend the review sessions, did not seek assistance from my professor or tutoring help, and as a result I failed my courses. Due to these circumstances I have been rendered ineligible to receive financial aid. Without financial aid I will be unable to continue my education because I cannot afford the cost of supplies, fees, transportation, and personal expenses. Receiving financial aid will allow me more time to study properly. Without it, I will be forced to take time away from my studies in order to work. My academics are my first priority now and I realize I need to devote all of my time to them in order to be successful in the future I recently evaluated my plans to improve my academic. I have determined the following points to be the keys to my educational success. 1. I will balance the course choices better. 2. I will manage my time wisely on academics. 3. I will seek assistance with my coursework when I have difficulties. 4. I will maintain communication with my professors on a regular basis to ensure success in my courses 5. Complete classes C or better. I understand the expectation better now and I am doing well in my coursework this semester with currently all passing grades. I have made a huge improvement and I am determined to pass every class this semester. Although I have made great improvements, without financial aid I fear I will find myself struggling to succeed once again. I hope those of the financial aid committee who read this will give me a second chance to help me accomplish my goals and reach success for the rest of my time at college. Thank you for allowing me the opportunity to explain my financial circumstances. I look forward to hearing about your decision. Sincerely, Any correction/improvement needed? thanks

How the Drinking Bird Science Toy Works

How the Drinking Bird Science Toy Works The drinking bird or sippy bird is a popular science toy that features a glass bird that repeatedly dips its beak into ​the water. Heres the explanation for how this science toy works. What Is a Drinking Bird? Depending on where you live, you may see this toy called a drinking bird, sipping bird, sippy bird, dippy bird or insatiable birdie. The earliest version of the device appears to have produced in China circa 1910-1930. All versions of the toy are based on a heat engine in order to function. Evaporation of a liquid from the birds beak lowers the temperature of the head of the toy. The change in temperature creates a pressure differential inside the body of the bird, which causes it to perform mechanical work (dip its head). A bird that dips its head into water will keep dipping or bobbing as long as water is present. In fact, the bird works as long as its beak is damp, so the toy continues to function for a span of time even if it is removed from the water. Is the drinking bird a perpetual motion machine? Sometimes the drinking bird is called a perpetual motion machine, but there is no such thing as perpetual motion, which would violate the laws of thermodynamics. The bird only works as long as water is evaporating from its beak, producing an energy change in the system. What Is Inside a Drinking Bird? The bird consists of two glass bulbs (head and body) that are connected by a glass tube (neck). The tube extends into the bottom bulb almost to its base, but the tube does not extend into the top bulb. The fluid in the bird usually is colored dichloromethane (methylene chloride), although older versions of the device may contain trichloromonofluoromethane (not used in modern birds because it is a CFC). When the drinking bird is manufactured the air inside the bulb is removed so that the body will fill with fluid vapor. The head bulb has a beak that is covered with felt or a similar material. The felt is important for the functioning of the device. Decorative items, such as eyes, feathers or a hat may be added to the bird. The bird is set to pivot on an adjustable crosspiece fixed to the neck tube. Educational Value The drinking bird is used to illustrate many principles in chemistry and physics: boiling and condensation [dichloromethane has a low boiling point of 39.6 Â °C (103.28 Â °F)]combined gas law (​the proportional relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas in a constant volume)ideal gas law (​the proportional relationship between the number of particles of a gas and the pressure in a constant volume)torquethe center of masscapillary action (wicking of water into the felt)wet-bulb temperature (temperature difference between head and body bulbs depends on the relative humidity of the air)the Maxwell-Boltzmann distributionheat of vaporization/heat of condensationfunctioning of a heat engine Safety The sealed drinking bird is perfectly safe, but the fluid inside the toy is not non-toxic. Older birds were filled with a flammable fluid. The dichloromethane in the modern version is not flammable, but if the bird breaks, it is best to avoid the liquid. Contact with dichloromethane can cause skin irritation. Inhalation or ingestion should be avoided because the chemical is a mutagen, teratogen and possibly a carcinogen. The vapor quickly evaporates and disperses, so the best way to deal with a broken toy is to ventilate the area and allow the fluid to disperse.

Man Of Marble Review essays

Man Of Marble Review essays Man of Marble is an epic film about two periods of Polands life, the 1950s when Poland became a Peoples Republic, and was at the height of the Stalinization period, and the 1970s when a revealing look back of that time takes place through a young film student and a camera crews investigation of a former workers hero. Agnieska is a determined film student who feels she has found the ideal subject for her diploma film: an investigative documentary on former post-war working-class hero Mateusz Birkut. Birkut was a leader and a public figure who becomes unpopular with the communist government and disappears from the public eye. Her producer reluctantly agrees to the project, yet he holds reservations for the possible political implications the film could produce. Agnieska conducts her first interview with a man named Burski who was a renowned filmmaker who found the photogenic Birkut in the industrial town of Nowa Huta. He decided to showcase the young man in a propaganda filled documentary known as Architects of Our Happiness. With a support team of bricklayers including his best friend, Witek, Birkut sets a record for laying bricks and becomes a hero to the people. Birkut is publicized as an exemplary worker, a Stakhanovite, and is honored for his skill and productivity with larger than life posters hanging from government buildings and impressive museum sculptures formed in his image. Birkut becomes an instant celebrity and rises with social prominence until an ill-fated day. During a demonstration, Birkut is sabotaged by being passed a burning hot brick in front of a camera. He hands are badly burned and his career takes a bad turn. Witek disappears one day after being summoned to a government official. Birkut is outraged and searches in vain for his good friend. He is imprisoned and while locked up, his wife denounces him. Upon his release from prison he seeks to men...

Serial killers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Serial killers - Essay Example This research essay will make an earnest attempt to find out what poignantly contributed to the onset of this intricate distorted personality and their violent demeanour which is far more many-sided. Introduction In the modern forensic psychology, serial murders appear to have assumed a pivotal place. According to Burgess, Douglas & Ressler (1983), a serial murder is one who has killed at least three or more victims with a cooling -off period in-between each murder. A serial killer does not have any past connection with the victim and murder seems to be random or unconnected. Further, the murder is mainly on the psychological background or for sex abuse and not for any monetary benefits. Serial killers’ victims will be adolescents, children, prostitutes and women. Dr.Harold Shipman, a serial killer, killed only elderly women who were his patients whereas young women are the choice for Ted Bundy. On the other hand, there was a female serial killer namely Alieen Wuornos who was a prostitute by profession who killed her male clients. Green River Killer practice was to kill the runaways and prostitutes. There are different motives attached to for the serial killing where some killers do the same for sexual pleasure ,some do it due to hatred, some do it for revenge , some do it because their intuition asked them to do it. (â€Å"Thomas, 2010, p.6†). ... and observed that their killings were done without any plan of action , a discovery that corresponds to the apparently random itinerary of spree killing. Casewell and Hollin (1994) defined serial killing as â€Å"many victims who are killed over the period of hours or days or weeks or months in diversified locations by a vagarious killer who seems to make no effort to escape detection. According to Fox and Levin (1998), multiple killings includes instances in which victims are killed either at over a short period of time (spree) or at once (mass) or over an elongated phase of time (serial) and hence, the time frame of serial killing has been detailed as either long or short duration that somewhere conforms to between serial killing and mass killing. (DeLisi et al, 2008, p40). Beauregard and Proulx (2002) examined the offending courses of 36 Canadian killers who were more often impelled by sexual sadism. According to Hazelwood and Warren (2000), sexually violent criminal killers are either ritualistic or impetuous in nature. They also found that impulsive killers are criminally primitive and mostly reactive in terms of crime scene demeanour and victim selection. Fox & Levin (1998) found that serial killers are those who kill their victim with their bare hands without the help or usage of any weapon or instrument. (DeLisi et al, 2008, p41). â€Å"Kinds of Serial Killers† There is no uniformity in defining a serial killer. This is mainly because due to the absence of typologies established to describe between kinds of serial murders. Based on analysis and interviews of more than 400 cases of serial killers, Holmes and De Burger (1988) have offered a complete definition of a serial killer. According to Wilson (2007), Holmes and De Burger, from their research study, they

Student Success Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Student Success Plan - Essay Example The major purpose of the review is to provide helpful information on the value of the various approaches to parents and teachers so they would be better able to determine which was best for their child/student. In order to affectively ensure that educational pursuits are being taught effectively for the benefit of this young girl, we must provide a plan of action that will enhance her abilities in art and reading yet transfer those abilities toward subjects including mathematics, language, science, social science and music. There have been many studies on the subject of teaching autistic students. Autism is a very complicated disability that affects a child's cognition, perception, speech and motor abilities and so very much more. Seeking other methods for autistic children to express their intelligence has been the goal for many educators. For some with certain disabilities this requires a certain level of motivation. Possessing the ability to structured teaching is the ultimate goal of teaching this autistic girl, especially at the young age of six years. Classrooms must be structured in a specific manner for teachers to effectively teach their autistic students. ... round this young girl's strengths of reading and art would in fact be to the benefit of her educational pursuit, incorporating artistic measures into mathematics, the creation of maps for social sciences, and the use of diagrams which are designed and drawn in artistic formula. Five steps to creating the most effective learning environment and plan for a six year old with autism would require the following: A classroom which is designed to have access to the tools for drawing, painting and other design capacity would in fact be of benefit. Physical organization of the classroom environment is effective in allowing for focused attention on lessons as they are managed. Ensuring the situation in which this student will be fully functional in placement of desks, doors, and bathroom facilities will assure a balanced environment for more enhanced learning experiences. The use of color in the various teaching formats will maintain attention span and allow for focus upon the objectives of the daily lesson. Color, if used effectively, can allow associative capacity, one color for a certain activity, or a certain location in the classroom, such as the bookshelf. The use of scheduling gives a structure to classroom learning utilizing sequential memory and organization of time. Utilizing two levels of scheduling simultaneously will allow for focused individual education along with group activities. Events outlined for the entire classroom that also focus on the time to spend in individual educational pursuits. Utilizing simplified language will facilitate a greater capacity for understanding instruction and communication for both the student and the teacher and the ability to allow autistic students time alone if they need it. Simplified language and the use of pictures to